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. 2023 Sep 28;23(1):704.
doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-05133-9.

Depression and associated factors among Brazilian adults: the 2019 national healthcare population-based study

Alexandre Marcelo Hintz  1 , Isaac Suzart Gomes-Filho  2 , Peter Michael Loomer  3 , Paloma de Sousa Pinho  4 , Johelle de Santana Passos-Soares  1   5 , Soraya Castro Trindade  1 , Eneida de Moraes Marcílio Cerqueira  1 , Claudia Maria Coêlho Alves  6 , Yasmine Silva Santos Rios  1 , Josicélia Estrela Tuy Batista  1 , Ana Claudia Morais Godoy Figueiredo  7 , Simone Seixas da Cruz  1   4
Affiliations

Depression and associated factors among Brazilian adults: the 2019 national healthcare population-based study

Alexandre Marcelo Hintz et al. BMC Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Background: Mental disorders represent a major public health challenge worldwide, affecting 80% of people living in low- and middle-income countries. Depression, a mental disorder, is a chronic disease of long duration that causes changes in the brain, resulting from a combination of genetic, physiologic, environmental, and behavioral factors. The aim of this study was to investigate possible factors associated with depression in Brazilian adults.

Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was carried out using the public domain database of the 2019 National Health Survey, conducted in Brazil. Depression was considered the dependent variable, and through hierarchical analysis, predictor variables were investigated such as, at the distal level-socioeconomic variables, at the intermediate level-variables related to lifestyle behavior, health condition, and history, and at the proximal level-demographic variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the adjusted Odds Ratio and the respective 95% confidence interval to identify possible factors associated with depression.

Results: The study included 88,531 participant records with 10.27% diagnosed with depression. The adjusted association measurements, after selecting the independent variables in the hierarchical analysis, showed the following factors associated with depression with differing magnitudes: age, brown and white race/skin color, female sex, poor, very poor, or regular self-reported health condition, diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, work-related musculoskeletal disorder, history of smoking habit, and macroeconomic region.

Conclusions: An effective strategy for preventing and managing depression in Brazilian adults must include the control of health status and lifestyle behavior factors, with actions and programs to reduce people's exposure to these factors, understanding that socioeconomic-demographic differences of each population can potentially reduce the disease burden.

Keywords: Associated factors; Depression; Depressive disorder; Mental disorders; Public health.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Planned and selected sizes of the sample, according to Federation Units—2019. Source: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de Trabalho e Rendimento (Research Directorate, Labor Coordination and Income) (IBGE, 2020). Note: PSU = Primary sampling unit. IBGE. Manual Básico da Entrevista. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Contínua (Basic interview manual. National Research on Continuous Health.). [Internet]. 2021. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/instrumentos_de_coleta/doc5591.pdf
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flowchart of the 2019 PNS sample calculation and the final sample for the present study related to depression and associated factors among Brazilian adults
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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