Malleability of spatial skills: bridging developmental psychology and toy design for joyful STEAM development

Abstract

Previous research has established that advances in spatial cognition predict STEAM success, and construction toys provide ample opportunities to foster spatial cognition. Despite various construction toy designs in the market, mostly brick-shaped building blocks are used in spatial cognition research. This group of toys is known to enhance mental rotation; however, mental rotation is not the only way to comprehend the environment three-dimensionally. More specifically, mental folding and perspective taking training have not received enough attention as they can also be enhanced with the construction toys, which are framed based on the 2×2 classification of spatial skills (intrinsic-static, intrinsic-dynamic, extrinsic-static, extrinsic-dynamic). To address these gaps, we compile evidence from both developmental psychology and toy design fields to show the central role played by mental folding and perspective taking skills as well as the importance of the variety in toy designs. The review was conducted systematically by searching peer reviewed design and psychology journals and conference proceedings. We suggest that, over and above their physical properties, construction toys offer affordances to elicit spatial language, gesture, and narrative among child-caregiver dyads. These interactions are essential for the development of spatial skills in both children and their caregivers. As developmental psychology and toy design fields are two domains that can contribute to the purpose of developing construction toys to boost spatial skills, we put forward six recommendations to bridge the current gaps between these fields. Consequently, new toy designs and empirical evidence regarding malleability of different spatial skills can contribute to the informal STEAM development.

Keywords: construction toys; informal STEAM development; mental folding; mental rotation; perspective taking; spatial cognition; toy design.

Figure 1

Toy examples to foster mental rotation (left to right; Unit Blocks, Lincoln Logs, Bristle Block).

Figure 2

Toy examples to foster mental rotation cont (left to right; KüpTak, Learning Resources City Engineering, Katamino).

Figure 3

Tangible user interface examples to foster mental rotation (left to right; Boda Blocks, AlgoBrix, Pixio).

Figure 4

Toy examples to foster mental rotation (Mega Bloks on the left) and mental folding (middle to right; ZoZoplay & Magna Tiles).

Figure 5

Toy examples to foster mental folding cont. (left to right; GeoMag & Squigz Fat Brain Toys).

Figure 6

Toy examples to foster perspective taking (left to right; Strawctures, Stocks, Blockspot®).

Figure 7

Toy examples to foster perspective taking cont (left to right; Gigi Blocks, Imagination Playground, The Toy).