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Review
. 2023 Sep;11(9):e989.
doi: 10.1002/iid3.989.

Insights on Covid-19 with superimposed pulmonary histoplasmosis: The possible nexus

Yahya A Almutawif  1 , Hayder M Al-Kuraishy  2 , Ali I Al-Gareeb  2 , Athanasios Alexiou  3   4 , Marios Papadakis  5 , Hamza M A Eid  1 , Hebatallah M Saad  6 , Gaber El-Saber Batiha  7
Affiliations
Review

Insights on Covid-19 with superimposed pulmonary histoplasmosis: The possible nexus

Yahya A Almutawif et al. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Sep.

Abstract

A novel coronavirus (CoV) known as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV type 2 is the causative agent for the development of CoV disease 2019 (Covid-19). Covid-19 may increase the risk of developing pulmonary histoplasmosis due to immune dysregulation. In addition, Covid-19 may enhance the propagation of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis due to lung injury and inflammation, and using corticosteroids in severely affected Covid-19 patients may reactivate latent pulmonary histoplasmosis. Likewise, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways during H. capsulatum infection may increase the severity of Covid-19 and vice versa. Furthermore, lymphopenia in Covid-19 may increase the risk for the progress of pulmonary histoplasmosis besides activation of inflammatory signaling pathways during H. capsulatum infection may increase the severity of Covid-19 and vice versa. Therefore, this critical review aimed to find the potential link between Covid-19 pneumonia and pulmonary histoplasmosis concerning the immunological response.

Keywords: Covid-19; inflammatory signaling pathways; pulmonary histoplasmosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pulmonary histoplasmosis and immune response.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Covid‐19 and immune response.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The inflammatory signaling in Covid‐19 and pulmonary histoplasmosis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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