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. 2023 Dec 1;238(Pt 2):117188.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117188. Epub 2023 Sep 27.

Association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and depression in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional study of NHANES from 2005 to 2018

Wensen Yi  1 , Lihui Xuan  2 , Hesham M H Zakaly  3 , Vladimir Markovic  4 , Justyna Miszczyk  5 , Hua Guan  6 , Ping-Kun Zhou  7 , Ruixue Huang  8
Affiliations

Association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and depression in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional study of NHANES from 2005 to 2018

Wensen Yi et al. Environ Res. .

Abstract

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread persistent organic pollutants (POPs) associated with diseases including osteoporosis, altered immune function and cancer. However, few studies have investigated the association between PFAS mixture exposure and Depression in general populations.

Methods: Nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2005-2018) were used to analyze the association between PFAS and Depression in U.S. adults. Total 12,239 adults aged 20 years or older who had serum PFAS measured and answered Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were enrolled in this study. PFAS monomers detected in all 7 investigation cycles were included in the study. Generalized additive model (GAM) was used to fit smooth curves and threshold effect analysis was carried out to find the turning point of smooth curves. Generalized linear model (GLM) was used to describe the non-linear relationship between PFAS and depression and unconditioned logistic regression was used to risk analysis.

Results: The median of total serum PFAS concentration was 14.54 ng/mL. The curve fitting results indicated a U-shaped relationship between total serum PFAS and depression: PFAS< 39.66 ng/mL, A negative correlation between PHQ-9 score and serum PFAS concentration was observed (β 0.047,95%CI -0.059, -0.036). The depression PHQ-9 score decreased with the increase of serum PFAS concentration. PFAS ≥ 39.66 ng/mL, A positive correlation was observed between PFAS and PHQ-9 score (β 0.010,95% CI 0.003, 0.017). The depression PHQ-9 score increased with the increase of serum PFAS concentration.

Conclusions: Our study provides new clues to the association of PFAS with depression, and large population-based cohort studies that can validate the causal association as well as toxicological mechanism studies are needed for validation.

Keywords: Depression; NHANES; Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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