Comprehensive analysis of long COVID in a Japanese nationwide prospective cohort study

Hideki Terai¹, Makoto Ishii², Ryo Takemura³, Ho Namkoong⁴, Kyoko Shimamoto⁵, Katsunori Masaki⁶, Takae Tanosaki⁶, Shotaro Chubachi⁶, Emiko Matsuyama⁶, Reina Hayashi⁶, Takashi Shimada⁶, Lisa Shigematsu⁶, Fumimaro Ito⁶, Masanori Kaji⁶, Hatsuyo Takaoka⁶, Momoko Kurihara⁶, Kensuke Nakagawara⁶, Saki Tomiyasu⁶, Kotaro Sasahara⁶, Ayaka Saito⁶, Shiro Otake⁶, Shuhei Azekawa⁶, Masahiko Okada⁶, Takahiro Fukushima⁶, Atsuho Morita⁶, Hiromu Tanaka⁶, Keeya Sunata⁶, Masato Asaoka⁶, Miyuki Nishie⁶, Taro Shinozaki⁶, Toshiki Ebisudani⁶, Yuto Akiyama⁶, Akifumi Mitsuishi⁶, Shingo Nakayama⁶, Takunori Ogawa⁶, Kaori Sakurai⁶, Misato Irie⁶, Kazuma Yagi⁶, Keiko Ohgino⁶, Jun Miyata⁶, Hiroki Kabata⁶, Shinnosuke Ikemura⁶, Hirofumi Kamata⁶, Hiroyuki Yasuda⁶, Ichiro Kawada⁶, Ryusei Kimura³, Masahiro Kondo³, Toshiki Iwasaki³, Noriyuki Ishida³, Gaku Hiruma³, Naoki Miyazaki³, Yoshiki Ishibashi⁷, Sei Harada⁷, Takanori Fujita⁸, Daisuke Ito⁹, Shogyoku Bun¹⁰, Hajime Tabuchi¹⁰, Sho Kanzaki¹¹, Eisuke Shimizu¹², Keitaro Fukuda¹³, Jun Yamagami¹³, Keigo Kobayashi¹⁴, Toshiyuki Hirano¹⁴, Takashi Inoue¹⁴, Mizuha Haraguchi¹⁵, Junko Kagyo¹⁵, Tetsuya Shiomi¹⁵, Ho Lee¹⁶, Kai Sugihara¹⁷, Nao Omori¹⁷, Koichi Sayama¹⁷, Kengo Otsuka¹⁸, Naoki Miyao¹⁸, Toshio Odani¹⁹, Mayuko Watase²⁰, Takao Mochimaru²¹, Ryosuke Satomi²¹, Yoshitaka Oyamada²¹, Keita Masuzawa²², Takanori Asakura²³, Sohei Nakayama²², Yusuke Suzuki²², Rie Baba²⁴, Satoshi Okamori²⁵, Daisuke Arai²⁴, Ichiro Nakachi²⁴, Naota Kuwahara²⁶, Akiko Fujiwara²⁶, Takenori Oakada²⁶, Takashi Ishiguro²⁷, Taisuke Isosno²⁷, Yasushi Makino²⁸, Shuko Mashimo²⁸, Tatsuya Kaido²⁸, Naoto Minematsu²⁹, Soichiro Ueda³⁰, Kazuhiro Minami³⁰, Rie Hagiwara³⁰, Tadashi Manabe³¹, Takahiro Fukui³², Yohei Funatsu³², Hidefumi Koh³², Takashi Yoshiyama³³, Hiroyuki Kokuto³³, Tatsuya Kusumoto³⁴, Ayano Oashi³⁵, Masayoshi Miyawaki³⁵, Fumitake Saito³⁵, Tetsuo Tani³⁶, Kota Ishioka³⁷, Saeko Takahashi³⁷, Morio Nakamura³⁷, Norihiro Harada³⁸, Hitoshi Sasano³⁸, Ai Goto³⁸, Yu Kusaka³⁹, Takehiko Ohba³⁹, Yasushi Nakano⁴⁰, Kazumi Nishio⁴⁰, Yukiko Nakajima⁴¹, Shoji Suzuki⁴², Shuichi Yoshida⁴², Hiroki Tateno⁴², Nobuhiro Kodama⁴³, Maeda Shunsuke⁴³, Satoshi Sakamoto⁴⁴, Masaki Okamoto⁴⁵, Yoji Nagasaki⁴⁶, Akira Umeda⁴⁷, Kazuya Miyagawa⁴⁸, Hisato Shimada⁴⁸, Kazuto Hagimura⁴⁹, Kengo Nagashima³, Toshiro Sato⁵⁰, Yasunori Sato⁵¹, Naoki Hasegawa⁵², Toru Takebayashi⁷, Jin Nakahara⁵³, Masaru Mimura¹⁰, Kaoru Ogawa¹¹, Shigeto Shimmura¹², Kazuno Negishi¹², Kazuo Tsubota¹², Masayuki Amagai¹³, Rei Goto⁵⁴, Yoko Ibuka⁵⁵, Yuko Kitagawa⁵⁶, Takanori Kanai⁵⁷, Koichi Fukunaga⁵⁸

Affiliations

¹ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
² Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Furocho, Chikusa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
³ Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁴ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵ Keio Global Research Institute, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan.
⁶ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁷ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁸ Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁹ Department of Physiology/Memory Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹⁰ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹¹ Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹² Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹³ Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan.
¹⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan.
¹⁶ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan.
¹⁷ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan.
¹⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon Koukan Hospital, 1-2-1 Kokandori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0852, Japan.
¹⁹ Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, 7-1-1 Yamanote 5 Jo, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 063-0005, Japan.
²⁰ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
²¹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
²² Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.
²³ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.
²⁴ Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan.
²⁵ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan.
²⁶ Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan.
²⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0197, Japan.
²⁸ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan.
²⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Hino Municipal Hospital, 4-3-1, Tamadaira, Hino-city, Tokyo, 191-0062, Japan.
³⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan.
³¹ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan.
³² Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan.
³³ Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan.
³⁴ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan.
³⁵ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan.
³⁶ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
³⁷ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
³⁸ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
³⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ome Municipal General Hospital, 4-16-5, Higashiome, Ome, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan.
⁴⁰ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan.
⁴¹ Department of Infectious Disease, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan.
⁴² Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan.
⁴³ Department of General Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital, 4-5 Sugukita, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-0864, Japan.
⁴⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.
⁴⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan; Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan.
⁴⁶ Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan.
⁴⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
⁴⁸ Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
⁴⁹ Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁰ Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵¹ Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵² Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁴ Graduate School of Business Administration, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8526, Japan.
⁵⁵ Faculty of Economics, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan.
⁵⁶ Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁷ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁸ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: kfukunaga@keio.jp.

PMID: 37783167
DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.08.008

Multicenter Study

Comprehensive analysis of long COVID in a Japanese nationwide prospective cohort study

Hideki Terai et al. Respir Investig. 2023 Nov.

. 2023 Nov;61(6):802-814.

doi: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.08.008. Epub 2023 Sep 30.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
² Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Furocho, Chikusa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
³ Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁴ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵ Keio Global Research Institute, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan.
⁶ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁷ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁸ Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁹ Department of Physiology/Memory Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹⁰ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹¹ Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹² Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹³ Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
¹⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano, Tochigi, 327-8511, Japan.
¹⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0012, Japan.
¹⁶ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan.
¹⁷ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0013, Japan.
¹⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon Koukan Hospital, 1-2-1 Kokandori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0852, Japan.
¹⁹ Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, 7-1-1 Yamanote 5 Jo, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 063-0005, Japan.
²⁰ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
²¹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
²² Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.
²³ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.
²⁴ Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan.
²⁵ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Pulmonary Division, Department Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan.
²⁶ Department of Medicine, Division of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, 5-1-38 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8577, Japan.
²⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Kumagaya, Saitama, 360-0197, Japan.
²⁸ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, 50 Hachikennishi, Aotakecho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8570, Japan.
²⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Hino Municipal Hospital, 4-3-1, Tamadaira, Hino-city, Tokyo, 191-0062, Japan.
³⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan.
³¹ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan.
³² Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikicho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan.
³³ Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan.
³⁴ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan.
³⁵ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8645, Japan.
³⁶ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
³⁷ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
³⁸ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
³⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ome Municipal General Hospital, 4-16-5, Higashiome, Ome, Tokyo, 198-0042, Japan.
⁴⁰ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan.
⁴¹ Department of Infectious Disease, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, 2-27-1 Ida, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 211-0035, Japan.
⁴² Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama, 336-8522, Japan.
⁴³ Department of General Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital, 4-5 Sugukita, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-0864, Japan.
⁴⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.
⁴⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan; Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan.
⁴⁶ Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan.
⁴⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
⁴⁸ Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
⁴⁹ Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁰ Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵¹ Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵² Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁴ Graduate School of Business Administration, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8526, Japan.
⁵⁵ Faculty of Economics, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan.
⁵⁶ Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁷ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
⁵⁸ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: kfukunaga@keio.jp.

PMID: 37783167
DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.08.008

Abstract

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly since 2019, and the number of reports regarding long COVID has increased. Although the distribution of long COVID depends on patient characteristics, epidemiological data on Japanese patients are limited. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of long COVID in Japanese patients. This study is the first nationwide Japanese prospective cohort study on long COVID.

Methods: This multicenter, prospective cohort study enrolled hospitalized COVID-19 patients aged ≥18 years at 26 Japanese medical institutions. In total, 1200 patients were enrolled. Clinical information and patient-reported outcomes were collected from medical records, paper questionnaires, and smartphone applications.

Results: We collected data from 1066 cases with both medical records and patient-reported outcomes. The proportion of patients with at least one symptom decreased chronologically from 93.9% (947/1009) during hospitalization to 46.3% (433/935), 40.5% (350/865), and 33.0% (239/724) at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Patients with at least one long COVID symptom showed lower quality of life and scored higher on assessments for depression, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19. Female sex, middle age (41-64 years), oxygen requirement, and critical condition during hospitalization were risk factors for long COVID.

Conclusions: This study elucidated the symptom distribution and risks of long COVID in the Japanese population. This study provides reference data for future studies of long COVID in Japan.

Keywords: General fatigue; Oxygen requirement; Patient-reported outcome; Post-COVID-19 conditions; Risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Norihiro Harada reports personal fees from AstraZeneca K.K., GlaxoSmithKline, Kyorin, Novartis Japan, Sanofi and grants from AstraZeneca, Daikin, Kyorin, SRL Medisearch, outside the submitted work. Other authors have no conflicts of interest.

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Comprehensive analysis of long COVID in a Japanese nationwide prospective cohort study

Affiliations

Comprehensive analysis of long COVID in a Japanese nationwide prospective cohort study

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

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