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Review
. 2023 Aug 29:14:1234785.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1234785. eCollection 2023.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global tuberculosis epidemic

Dennis Falzon  1 , Matteo Zignol  1 , Mathieu Bastard  1 , Katherine Floyd  1 , Tereza Kasaeva  1
Affiliations
Review

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global tuberculosis epidemic

Dennis Falzon et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of ill health worldwide. Until the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, TB was the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. COVID-19 has caused enormous health, social and economic upheavals since 2020, impairing access to essential TB services. In marked contrast to the steady global increase in TB detection between 2017 and 2019, TB notifications dropped substantially in 2020 compared with 2019 (-18%), with only a partial recovery in 2021. TB epidemiology worsened during the pandemic: the estimated 10.6 million people who fell ill with TB worldwide in 2021 is an increase of 4.5% from the previous year, reversing many years of slow decline. The annual number of TB deaths worldwide fell steadily between 2005 and 2019, reaching 1.4 million in 2019, but this trend was reversed in 2020 (1.5 million), and by 2021 global TB deaths were back to the level of 2017 (1.6 million). Intensified efforts backed by increased funding are urgently required to reverse the negative impacts of COVID-19 on TB worldwide, made more pressing by ongoing conflicts, a global energy crisis and uncertainties in food security that are likely to worsen the broader determinants of TB.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; epidemiology; pandemics; tuberculosis; tuberculosis/prevention and control.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Estimated TB incidence rates, 2021. (B) Estimated TB mortality rates in HIV-negative people, 2021. (C) Global trends in the estimated number of incident TB cases (left) and the incidence rate (right), 2000–2021 (shaded areas represent uncertainty intervals. The horizontal dashed line shows the 2020 milestone of the End TB Strategy). (D) Global trends in the estimated number of deaths caused by TB (left) and the mortality rate (right), 2000–2021 (shaded areas represent uncertainty intervals. The horizontal dashed line shows the 2020 milestone of the End TB Strategy).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Global estimates of the number of TB cases attributable to selected risk factors, 2021. Sources of data used to produce estimates were: Imtiaz S et al. Eur Resp Jour (2017); Hayashi S et al. Trop Med Int Health (2018); Lönnroth K et al. Lancet (2010); World Bank Sustainable Development Goals Database (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/sdgs/); WHO Global Health Observatory (https://www.who.int/data/gho); and WHO Global TB Programme.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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