Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: ‘Goeren and Hoering declare no conflicts. Nichol declares the following conflicts, all unrelated to the present work: National Institutes of Health. PROCOVAXED Trial, Site PI. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Core, INSPIRE Registry, PI. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Washington, DC. University of Washington PCORNet Expansion Award, Joint PI. Abiomed Inc., Danvers, MA. Emergency Care Core for Trial of Impella in Patients with STEMI and Cardiogenic Shock (RECOVER IV), PI. ZOLL Medical Corp., Chelmsford, MA, Multidimensional Study of Oxygenation in Early Post-Resuscitation (MOSER), PI. Vapotherm Inc., Exeter, NH. Vapotherm Device for Rapid Cooling Study (VOS), Co-PI. ZOLL Circulation Inc., San Jose, CA. Better Resuscitation with Supersaturated Oxygen (BASSO) Study, Co-PI. Powerful Medical Inc., Bratislava, Slovakia, US Validation Study of AI-Enhanced Diagnosis of Occluding Myocardial Infarction, PI. CPR Therapeutics Inc., Putney, VT. Consultant. Heartbeam Inc., Santa Clara, CA. Consultant. Invero Health LLC, Montville, NJ. Consultant. Kestra Medical Technologies Inc., Kirkland, WA. Consultant. Orixha Inc, Saint Cyr Au Mont d’Or, France. Consultant. BrainCool AB, Lund, Sweden. Consultant. Patent assigned to University of Washington for measurement of blood flow during resuscitation; Non-provisional patent pending assigned to University of Washington for combination drug-device to reduce reperfusion injury.’. Salary support from Medic One Foundation, Seattle WA via Leonard A Cobb Medic One Foundation Endowed Chair in Prehospital Emergency Care at University of Washington.