Structural optimization and prospect of constructing hemoglobin oxygen carriers based on hemoglobin

Abstract

The current global shortage of organ resources, the imbalance in donor-recipient demand and the increasing number of high-risk donors make organ preservation a necessity to consider appropriate storage options. The current method of use often has risks such as blood group mismatch, short shelf life, and susceptibility. HBOCs have positive effects such as anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative, which have significant advantages in organ storage. Therefore, it is the common pursuit of researchers to design and synthesize HBOCs with safety, ideal oxygen-carrying capacity, easy storage, etc. that are widely applicable and optimal for different organs. There has been a recent advancement in understanding HBOCs mechanisms, which is discussed in this review.

Keywords: Chemical modification; Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers; Organs storage; Red blood cells.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Comparison of the spatial structure of BHb and HHb. A. BHb and β-Cys_93; B. HHb and β-Cys_93 (PDB: 6IHX and 1A3N).

Fig. 2

Synthesis of HBOCs based on co-precipitation method.

Fig. 3

Synthesis of HBOCs based on cross-linking method.

Fig. 4

Hemoglobin oxygen carriers was synthesized by cross-linking method. a) Synthesis of hemoglobin oxygen carrier BT-HB-PEG5K4 based on the cross-linking method; b) Schematic illustrations of the synthetic route of the HbX-HSA_m cluster.

Fig. 5

Synthesis of hemoglobin oxygen carrier in polymeric form. a) Synthetic pathway of Hb-PDA; b) Synthetic pathway of PEG-apoHb.

Fig. 6

Synthesis of hemoglobin oxygen carrier in microcapsule form. a) Chemical structure of DPPC, DHSG cholesterol, and PEG-DSPE; b) Synthetic pathway of HbO₂-V; c) Synthetic pathway of PLGA^Hb/M-NCs.