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. 2023 Sep 21;8(39):35874-35883.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03238. eCollection 2023 Oct 3.

Morphoanatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Triticum aestivum L. against Allelopathic Extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Horse purslane)

Muhammad Shahid Hassan  1 , Nargis Naz  1 , Habib Ali  2 , Basharat Ali  2 , Muhammad Akram  1 , Baber Ali  3 , Faisal Mahmood  1 , Umbreen Shahzad  4 , Mumtaz Hussain  5 , Rashid Iqbal  6   7 , Sezai Ercisli  8   9 , Mohamed Farouk Elsadek  10 , Abd El-Zaher M A Mustafa  11 , Ijaz Ahmad  12 , Reham M Mostafa  13
Affiliations

Morphoanatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Triticum aestivum L. against Allelopathic Extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Horse purslane)

Muhammad Shahid Hassan et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Weed infestation can be harmful to crop growth and cause severe losses in yield by absorbing nutrients and releasing inhibitory secondary metabolites and thus needs to be controlled for food security. The use of synthetic herbicides is one of the most widely applied methods, but its frequent usage is a serious threat to health and the environment and develops resistance in weeds. Allelopathy is an eco-friendly bio-control method, and Trianthema portulacastrum extracts are known to be effective against various weeds in the crop of Triticum aestivum (wheat), but their effect on the main crop (wheat) is still unknown. The pot experiment was carried out, and various concentrations (30, 60, and 100%) of root and shoot extracts of T. portulacastrum and a synthetic herbicide (Metafin Super) along with control (distilled water) were applied to the wheat plants. Various morphological, physiological, and anatomical parameters were recorded under natural conditions. The objective of this study was to explore the allelopathic impact of T. portulacastrum compared to the synthetic herbicide on the growth of wheat. This study displayed that various growth characteristics of wheat were significantly affected at p ≤ 0.05 by root and shoot water extracts of T. portulacastrum but were less inhibitory as compared to the synthetic herbicide. This inhibition of the growth of wheat was coupled with a significant increase in total free amino acids, K ions, CAT (catalase), proline, epidermal and cortical thickness, and abaxial stomatal density. In addition, a reduction in growth parameters was correlated with a decrease in photosynthetic pigments. This study revealed that the use of T. portulacastrum extracts could be safer than synthetic herbicides for wheat plants and would be beneficial to control weeds in a wheat field.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
T. portulacastrum L. weed used in root and shoot extract treatments.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pot experiment of root and shoot water extract treatment of T. portulacastrum and herbicide on the wheat.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of root and shoot water extracts of T. portulacastrum and herbicide on the morphological parameters of wheat (T1 = distilled water; T2 = 30% root extract; T3 = 60% root extract; T4 = 100% root extract; T5 = 30% shoot extract; T6 = 60% shoot extract; T7 = 100% shoot extract; and T8 = herbicide treatment).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of root and shoot water extracts of T. portulacastrum and herbicide on the morphological parameters of wheat (T1 = distilled water; T2 = 30% root extract; T3 = 60% root extract; T4 = 100% root extract; T5 = 30% shoot extract; T6 = 60% shoot extract; T7 = 100% shoot extract; and T8 = herbicide treatment).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Stem anatomy of wheat by applying diverse levels of root and shoot extracts of T. portulacastrum and herbicide.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Leaf anatomy of wheat by applying diverse levels of root and shoot extracts of T. portulacastrum and herbicide.
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