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Clinical Trial
. 2024 Mar;65(3):316-327.
doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13896. Epub 2023 Oct 10.

START NOW: a cognitive behavioral skills training for adolescent girls with conduct or oppositional defiant disorder - a randomized clinical trial

Christina Stadler  1 , Christine M Freitag  2 , Arne Popma  3 , Lucres Nauta-Jansen  3 , Kerstin Konrad  4   5 , Eva Unternaehrer  1 , Katharina Ackermann  2 , Anka Bernhard  2 , Anne Martinelli  2 , Helena Oldenhof  3 , Malou Gundlach  4 , Gregor Kohls  6 , Martin Prätzlich  1 , Meinhard Kieser  7 , Ronald Limprecht  7 , Nora M Raschle  8 , Noortje Vriends  9 , Robert L Trestman  10 , Marietta Kirchner #  7 , Linda Kersten #  1   11
Affiliations
Clinical Trial

START NOW: a cognitive behavioral skills training for adolescent girls with conduct or oppositional defiant disorder - a randomized clinical trial

Christina Stadler et al. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2024 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) both convey a high risk for maladjustment later in life and are understudied in girls. Here, we aimed at confirming the efficacy of START NOW, a cognitive-behavioral, dialectical behavior therapy-oriented skills training program aiming to enhance emotion regulation skills, interpersonal and psychosocial adjustment, adapted for female adolescents with CD or ODD.

Methods: A total of 127 girls were included in this prospective, cluster randomized, multi-center, parallel group, quasi-randomized, controlled phase III trial, which tested the efficacy of START NOW (n = 72) compared with standard care (treatment as usual, TAU, n = 55). All female adolescents had a clinical diagnosis of CD or ODD, were 15.6 (±1.5) years on average (range: 12-20 years), and were institutionalized in youth welfare institutions. The two primary endpoints were the change in number of CD/ODD symptoms between (1) baseline (T1) and post-treatment (T3), and (2) between T1 and 12-week follow-up (T4).

Results: Both treatment groups showed reduced CD/ODD symptoms at T3 compared with T1 (95% CI: START NOW = -4.87, -2.49; TAU = -4.94, -2.30). There was no significant mean difference in CD/ODD symptom reduction from T1 to T3 between START NOW and TAU (-0.056; 95% CI = -1.860, 1.749; Hedge's g = -0.011). However, the START NOW group showed greater mean symptom reduction from T1 to T4 (-2.326; 95% CI = -4.274, -0.378; Hedge's g = -0.563). Additionally, secondary endpoint results revealed a reduction in staff reported aggression and parent-reported irritability at post assessment.

Conclusions: Although START NOW did not result in greater symptom reduction from baseline to post-treatment compared with TAU, the START NOW group showed greater symptom reduction from baseline to follow-up with a medium effect size, which indicates a clinically meaningful delayed treatment effect.

Keywords: Conduct disorder; aggression; oppositional-defiant disorder; randomized-trial.

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References

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