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. 2024 Aug;95(8):778-788.
doi: 10.1002/JPER.23-0322. Epub 2023 Oct 10.

The associations of coffee consumption, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis: Results from NHANES 2009-2014

Qiansi Chen  1 , Ruiyang Ge  2 , Yuxuan Wu  1 , Yuying Wu  1 , Han Yang  1 , Yiming Yu  1 , Qingrong Deng  1 , Yu Qiu  3 , Baochang He  1   3 , Fuhua Yan  4 , Yanfen Li  4 , Fa Chen  1   5
Affiliations

The associations of coffee consumption, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis: Results from NHANES 2009-2014

Qiansi Chen et al. J Periodontol. 2024 Aug.

Abstract

Background: Coffee is one of the world's most popular beverages and is the main dietary source of caffeine for most people. The various molecular effects of caffeine suggest that it may enhance bone loss. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of coffee, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis.

Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014. Total coffee and different types of coffee consumption were acquired through a 24-h dietary recall. Urinary caffeine metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC‒ESI‒MS/MS). The association of coffee, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis and its severity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results: A total of 3309 eligible participants were included. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, a positive association was observed between coffee consumption (particularly certain types of coffee) and periodontitis. Notably, a positive correlation was also found between total coffee intake and the severity of periodontitis. Additionally, for urinary caffeine metabolites, there was a significant positive association between 1-methyluric acid (1-MU), 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU), 3,7-dimethyluric acid (3,7-DMU), 1,7-dimethylxanthine (1,7-DMX), or 5-actlyamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil (AAMU) and periodontitis, with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 1.10 (1.02, 1.19), 1.86 (1.05, 3.29), 0.94 (0.90, 0.98), 1.29 (1.03, 1.62), and 1.15 (1.05, 1.26), respectively.

Conclusions: The present study suggests a positive association of coffee intake (especially certain coffee types) and caffeine metabolites (1-MU, 1,3-DMU, 3,7-DMU, 1,7-DMX, and AAMU) with periodontitis and its severity.

Keywords: caffeine; coffee; metabolite; oral health; periodontitis.

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