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. 2023 Sep 26;12(19):3566.
doi: 10.3390/foods12193566.

Development of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure for the Simultaneous Determination of Anthocyanins and Phenolic Acids in Black Beans

Valentina Melini  1 , Francesca Melini  1 , Francesca Luziatelli  2 , Maurizio Ruzzi  2
Affiliations

Development of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Procedure for the Simultaneous Determination of Anthocyanins and Phenolic Acids in Black Beans

Valentina Melini et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Beans are an essential source of nutritional components such as plant proteins, minerals and dietary fiber, as well as of antioxidants such as phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are praised for their biological activities and possible benefits on human health. Since no official methods are available for phenolic compound extraction, the optimization of extraction parameters via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has become a commonly used methodological approach for reliable determinations. This study aimed to apply RSM to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, from black beans. A Generally Recognized As Safe solvent (ethanol) was used. Solvent concentration, extraction time, and solvent/sample ratio were optimized to maximize two responses: Total Anthocyanin Content (TAC) and Total Phenolic Content (TPC). An ethanol concentration of 64%, 30 min extraction time, and a 50 mL/g solvent/sample ratio were identified as the optimal extraction conditions. The TAC was 71.45 ± 1.96 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalents 100 g-1 dm, and the TPC was 60.14 ± 0.89 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g-1 dm. Among the pigmented phenolic compounds, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside were identified in the extracts. Regarding phenolic acids, caffeic, sinapic, and t-ferulic acids were detected.

Keywords: GRAS solvent; anthocyanins; black beans; legumes; phenolic compounds; phytochemicals; response surface methodology; ultrasound-assisted extraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
3D response surfaces and contour plots of Total Anthocyanin Content (TAC) as a function of the interaction between the dependent variables: (A,B) Solvent concentration and extraction time. (C,D) Solvent concentration and solvent/sample ratio (SSR). (E,F) Extraction time and solvent/sample ratio (SSR).
Figure 1
Figure 1
3D response surfaces and contour plots of Total Anthocyanin Content (TAC) as a function of the interaction between the dependent variables: (A,B) Solvent concentration and extraction time. (C,D) Solvent concentration and solvent/sample ratio (SSR). (E,F) Extraction time and solvent/sample ratio (SSR).
Figure 2
Figure 2
3D response surfaces and contour plots for TPC as a function of the interaction between the three variables. (A,B) Solvent concentration and extraction time; (C,D) solvent concentration and solvent/sample ratio (SSR); (E,F) extraction time and solvent/sample ratio (SSR).
Figure 2
Figure 2
3D response surfaces and contour plots for TPC as a function of the interaction between the three variables. (A,B) Solvent concentration and extraction time; (C,D) solvent concentration and solvent/sample ratio (SSR); (E,F) extraction time and solvent/sample ratio (SSR).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chromatograms of the ethanolic extract obtained at optimal extraction conditions and recorded at 320 nm (A) and 520 nm (B). I: caffeic acid; II: t-ferulic acid; III: sinapic acid; IV: unknown; V: unknown; VI: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; VII: peonidin-3-O-glucoside.
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