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. 2023 Oct 3;13(19):3090.
doi: 10.3390/ani13193090.

Effect of Dietary Soy Protein Source on Effluent Water Quality and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout Reared in a Serial Reuse Water System

Thomas L Welker  1 , Ken Overturf  1
Affiliations

Effect of Dietary Soy Protein Source on Effluent Water Quality and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout Reared in a Serial Reuse Water System

Thomas L Welker et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

Juvenile rainbow trout (125 ± 0.8 g) were fed a fishmeal control diet (C), a high soy protein concentrate diet (SP), a high soybean meal diet (HiS), or a diet with high levels of fermented soy protein concentrate (fSP) for 12 weeks in a tank system capable of receiving 1st and 3rd use water from a serial-reuse production hatchery. Water quality was generally lower in 3rd use compared to 1st use water and after passing through tanks (inflow vs. outflow). Total dissolved solids were significantly higher (p = 0.003) for 3rd use compared to 1st use water, and values were also higher (p < 0.001) for the fSP diet. Turbidity and ammonia were highest in tanks for trout fed the HiS and fSP and SP and fSP diets, respectively, but were characterized by high variation, which likely prevented the detection of significant differences. Weight gain (p < 0.001) and survival (p = 0.008) were significantly lower for trout in 3rd use compared to 1st use water. Trout fed the HiS diet were generally in poorer physiological condition with lower body fat stores (p = 0.05) and lower growth rate (p < 0.001) and survival (p = 0.05) compared to the other diets, which were similar. The expression of several stress-associated genes (FK506, DIO2, REGPS, Cyp1a, G6PH, GADD45a, and IRF-1) in the liver and gill showed that diet and water source affected their regulation. Replacement of FM by SP providing 50% of dietary protein promotes acceptable growth performance compared to an FM diet and was superior to HiS. The impacts of soy protein concentrate on water quality under commercial production conditions, however, require further study.

Keywords: effluent; gene expression; raceway; rainbow trout; soy protein concentrate; soybean meal.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Growth (mean ± S.D.) of rainbow trout fed the four experimental feeds. For each water use group (1st and 3rd), initial weight (bottom bar), final weight (middle bar), and weight gain (top bar) are shown. P-values indicate the significance of effect of experimental treatments on weight gain (g/fish). S.D. = standard deviation; C = fishmeal control; HiS = high soybean meal; SP = soy protein concentrate; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Growth (% gain) (mean ± S.D.) for rainbow trout fed the four experimental feeds reared in 1st use or 3rd use water. S.D. = standard deviation; C = fishmeal control; HiS = high soybean meal; SP = soy protein concentrate; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Feed conversion ratio (mean ± S.D.) for rainbow trout fed the four experimental feeds reared in 1st use or 3rd use water. S.D. = standard deviation; C = fishmeal control; HiS = high soybean meal; SP = soy protein concentrate; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relative percent survival (RPS) (mean ± S.D.) for rainbow trout fed the four experimental feeds reared in 1st use or 3rd use water. S.D. = standard deviation; C = fishmeal control; HiS = high soybean meal; SP = soy protein concentrate; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate. Relative survival values denoted by different letters (a, b) are statistically different (p < 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Plasma cortisol concentrations (mean ± S.D.) for rainbow trout fed the four experimental feeds reared in 1st use or 3rd use water. S.D. = standard deviation; C = fishmeal control; HiS = soybean meal; SP = high soy protein concentrate; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Hematocrit values (mean ± S.D.) for rainbow trout fed the four experimental feeds reared in 1st use or 3rd use water. S.D. = standard deviation; C = fishmeal control; HiS = high soybean meal; SP = soy protein concentrate; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Expression (log 10) heatmap for stress-related genes in gill of rainbow trout fed different experimental feeds and reared in 1st use (1st) or 3rd use (3rd) water. C = fishmeal control; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate; HiS = high soybean meal; SP = soy protein concentrate.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Expression (log 10) heatmap for stress-related genes in liver of rainbow trout fed different experimental feeds and reared in 1st use (1st) or 3rd use (3rd) water. C = fishmeal control; fSP = fermented soy protein concentrate; HiS = high soybean meal; SP = soy protein concentrate.
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