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. 2023 Oct 11;11(1):2266214.
doi: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2266214. eCollection 2023.

Income dissatisfaction and migraine headache. Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey

Sandro Rondinella  1 , Damiano B Silipo  2
Affiliations

Income dissatisfaction and migraine headache. Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey

Sandro Rondinella et al. Health Psychol Behav Med. .

Abstract

Objective: We investigate whether and to what extent income dissatisfaction (ID) is an important determinant of migraine. Indeed, ID may play a more relevant role in migraines than realized income, and it may affect both low and high-income people.

Design: We exploit the Italian Statistical Institute (ISTAT) survey covering about 80,000 individuals for this study. On the methodological ground, an instrumental variable probit model has been implemented.

Main outcome measures: To measure income dissatisfaction we exploit a self-reported status ranging from 1 to 4, while the migraine variable captures whether the individual suffers from migraine.

Results: The results show that the higher the ID the greater the probability of having a migraine. This relationship is robust to the level of realized income, socioeconomic characteristics of the individual, and the existence of other illnesses.

Conclusions: The high relevance of ID among low-income as well as high-income people opens up a new perspective on the determinants of migraines and provides an explanation of the contrasting evidence in the literature about the income-migraine nexus.

Keywords: Comorbidities; H51; I1; Income dissatisfaction; Italy; Migraine; Psychological illnesses and migraine.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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