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. 2023 Oct 16;23(1):166.
doi: 10.1186/s12894-023-01336-0.

Longitudinal trend of urolithiasis incidence rates among world countries during past decades

Nasrin Borumandnia  1 , Payam Fattahi  2 , Atefeh Talebi  3 , Maryam Taheri  1 , Mohammadamin Sabbagh Alvani  2 , Mohammadreza Mafi Balani  2 , Sadra Ashrafi  4 , Hamid Alavimajd  5
Affiliations

Longitudinal trend of urolithiasis incidence rates among world countries during past decades

Nasrin Borumandnia et al. BMC Urol. .

Abstract

Introduction: This study explores the trend of urolithiasis in various countries and categorizes the countries in terms of how their urolithiasis incidence rate has changed over time.

Methods: The incidence rate of urolithiasis in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019, extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study, has been analyzed.

Results: According to the results, all regions had experienced an increasing trend in urolithiasis rate, except for Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Southeast Asia regions (decreasing rates of -71.4, -56.2, and -9.2 per 100000, respectively). Moreover, the Caribbean region had the highest increasing trend of urolithiasis rates, and Central Asia was in the next rank (increasing rate of 48.3 and 34.3 per 100,000, respectively, p-value < .05). Also, African regions revealed significant increasing trends over time (p-value < 0.05). The outstanding findings in cluster analysis showed that Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros had the most decreasing trend in urolithiasis rates over time (decreasing rate of -128.2 per 100000, p-value < .001). Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, and Djibouti were in the next rank in terms of decreasing rate (decreasing rate of -92.3 per 100000, p-value < .001). In addition, urolithiasis rates in Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada have the most increasing trend (increasing rate of 116.1 per 100000, p-value < .001).

Conclusion: The trend of urolithiasis rates was significantly increased in most countries, and Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada had the highest trend among others. Also, Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros revealed the most decreasing rates, and the trend has dropped remarkably in several other countries.

Keywords: GBD study; Growth mixture model; Longitudinal analysis; Urolithiasis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The heatmap shows the means of urolithiasis incidence rate in different age groups and sexes
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The Geometric means of urolithiasis incidence rates (per 100,000) during past decades in 204 country and regions
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
World’s cluster map based on urolithiasis incidence rate trends during 1990–2019. This map shows the result of our own Growth mixture models analysis
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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