Sex Differences in Obstructive Sleep Apnea after Stroke

Abstract

Background and objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent after stroke and associated with recurrent stroke, prolonged hospitalization, and decreased functional recovery. Sex differences in post-stroke OSA remain underexplored. The objective of this study was to evaluate sex differences in functional outcomes, stroke and OSA severity, and clinical manifestations of OSA in stroke patients with OSA.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated data from three previously conducted studies. Study patients had an imaging-confirmed stroke and had been found to have OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 5) on either in-laboratory polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing performed within 1 year of their stroke. Linear regression models were used to evaluate study outcomes.

Results: In total, 171 participants with post-stroke OSA (117 males [68.4%] and 54 females [31.6%]) were included. Female sex was an independent predictor for greater functional impairment (β = 0.37, 95% CI 0.029-0.71, p = 0.03), increased stroke severity (β = 1.009, 95% CI 0.032-1.99, p = 0.04), and greater post-stroke depressive symptoms (β = 3.73, 95% CI 0.16-7.29, p = 0.04). Female sex was associated with lower OSA severity, as measured by the AHI (β = -5.93, 95% CI -11.21- -0.66). Sex was not an independent predictor of specific symptoms of OSA such as daytime sleepiness, snoring, tiredness, and observed apneas.

Conclusion: Females with post-stroke OSA had poorer functional outcomes and more severe strokes compared to males, despite having lower OSA severity. Females with post-stroke OSA also exhibited more depressive symptoms. Understanding sex differences in patients with post-stroke OSA will likely facilitate better recognition of OSA and potentially improve clinical outcomes.

Keywords: Stroke; TIA; sleep.