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. 2023 Oct 20;18(10):e0287285.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287285. eCollection 2023.

Skills to Enhance Positivity in adolescents at risk for suicide: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Shirley Yen  1   2   3 , Nazaret Suazo  4 , Jackson Doerr  1 , Natalia Macrynikola  1   3 , Leanna S Villarreal  5 , Sophia Sodano  6 , Kimberly H M O'Brien  3   7 , Jennifer C Wolff  4   6   8 , Christopher Breault  9 , Brandon E Gibb  10 , Rani Elwy  4 , Christopher W Kahler  11 , Megan Ranney  4   11 , Richard Jones  4 , Anthony Spirito  4
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Skills to Enhance Positivity in adolescents at risk for suicide: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Shirley Yen et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Suicide and suicidal behavior during adolescence have been steadily increasing over the past two decades. The preponderance of interventions focuses on crisis intervention, underlying psychiatric disorders, regulating negative affect, and reducing cognitive distortions. However, low positive affectivity may be a mechanism that contributes to adolescent suicidal ideation and behaviors independent of other risk factors. Skills to Enhance Positivity (STEP) is an acceptance-based intervention, designed to increase attention to, and awareness of, positive affect and positive experiences. Results from a pilot RCT demonstrated engagement of the target (positive affect) and a decrease in clinical outcomes (suicidal events; i.e., either a suicide attempt or an emergency intervention for an acute suicidal crisis), providing support to test the clinical effectiveness of STEP in a larger clinical trial with clinical staff implementing the intervention.

Objective: To test the effectiveness of STEP, compared to Enhanced Treatment as Usual (ETAU), in reducing suicidal events and ideation in adolescents admitted to inpatient psychiatric care due to suicide risk. We hypothesize that those randomized to STEP, compared to ETAU, will have lower rates of suicide events, active suicidal ideation (SI), and depressed mood over the 6-month follow-up period. We hypothesize that those randomized to STEP, compared to ETAU, will demonstrate greater improvement in the hypothesized mechanisms of attention to positive affect stimuli and gratitude and satisfaction with life.

Methods: Participants will be randomized to either STEP or ETAU. STEP consists of four in-person sessions focused on psychoeducation regarding positive and negative affect, mindfulness meditation, gratitude, and savoring. Mood monitoring prompts and skill reminders will be sent via text messaging daily for the first month post-discharge and every other day for the following two months. The ETAU condition will receive text-delivered reminders to use a safety plan provided at discharge from the hospital and healthy habits messages, matched in frequency to the STEP group. This trial was registered on 6 August 2021 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04994873).

Results: The STEP protocol was approved by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Data and Safety Monitoring Board on March 4, 2022. The RCT is currently in progress.

Discussion: The STEP protocol is an innovative, adjunctive treatment that has the potential to have positive effects on adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts beyond that found for standard treatment alone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Timeline of interventions and assessments.
* Anchored to discharge date.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments.
**t1 = 4-week intervention period; t2 = 1-month remote delivery phase via text; t3 = 2-month remote delivery phase (tapered); t4 = 3-month follow-up; t5 = 6-month follow-up; t6 = 12-month follow-up.
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