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. 2023 Oct 3;8(41):37991-38004.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03484. eCollection 2023 Oct 17.

Biochar for Improving Growth Performance of Shrimp and Environmental Quality in an Inland Saline Culture System

Chalungal T Amal  1 , Vidya S Bharti  1 , Madhu Choudhary  2 , Tao Kara  1 , Saurav Kumar  1 , Ajay A Rao  1
Affiliations

Biochar for Improving Growth Performance of Shrimp and Environmental Quality in an Inland Saline Culture System

Chalungal T Amal et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

The current study, which lasted 45 days, was designed to find a more effective way to use the vast resources of salt-affected land and ground saline water for aquaculture. Biochar made from agrowaste was used as a sediment amendment. The 100 g of biochar was applied to 25 kg of sediment (i.e., 9.0 ton ha-1) in 300L capacity fiber reinforced plastic, and Penaeus vannamei (P. vannamei) (2.74 ± 0.03 g) was stocked at 90 juveniles m-2 in inland ground saline water of salinity 10 ppt fortified with potassium levels that are 50% equivalent to those of seawater. Among different treatments, T1 indicates paddy straw biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2 indicates sediment amended with KOH-activated PSB; T3 indicates sugar cane bagasse biochar (SBB) application in sediment; and T4 indicates sediment amended with KOH-activated SBB. Compared to the control the potassium (K+), alkalinity, total hardness, calcium/magnesium ratio, and pH of the water increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in treatments where biochar was used as an amendment in sediment. The T3 treatment had the best Ca/Mg ratio (1.00:3.12). In water, the magnitude of increase in K+ concentration from high to low followed the order: T2 > T4 > T1 > T3 > control. The concentration of NH4+-N in water was found to be increasing in control, whereas in the rest of the treatments, it decreased significantly from day 1, until the end of the experiment. Compared to control, the bulk density was decreased, and sediment cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity were increased significantly in treatments where biochar was used as an amendment. The soil microbial parameter measured in terms of soil enzyme dehydrogenase was significantly different among treatments at the end of the experiment. Weight gain (%), specific growth rate (SGR), survival (%), and feed conversion ratio of P. vannamei varied significantly in T1, T2, T3, and T4 compared to the control. The SGR (2.38b ± 0.05% day-1) and weight gain (%) in T2, and survival (96.1b ± 2.0%) in T3 treatment were found to be the highest at the end of the experiment. When biochar was mixed with sediment in the inland saline system, an improvement was seen in sediment quality, water quality, and growth characteristics of P. vannamei.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of experimental procedure. SBB: sugar cane bagasse biochar; PSB: paddy straw biochar; IGSW: inland ground saline water.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirming the presence of surface oxygen groups in sugar cane bagasse biochar, which is responsible for NH4+ adsorption.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Molecular absorption in the infrared region with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the sugar cane bagasse biochar produced at 400 °C.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Molecular absorption in the infrared region with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the paddy straw biochar produced at 400 °C.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Molecular absorption in the infrared region with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the activated sugar cane bagasse biochar produced at 400 °C.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Molecular absorption in the infrared region with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the activated paddy straw biochar produced at 400 °C.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) μgTPF g–1 24 h–1 in the sediment. Control: no biochar; T1: paddy straw biochar (PSB) application in sediment; T2: sediment amended with KOH-activated PSB; T3: sugar cane bagasse biochar (SBB) application in sediment; T4: sediment amended with KOH-activated SBB.
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