Exploring the genetic causes of isolated short stature. What has happened to idiopathic short stature?

Abstract

Statural growth is underpinned by development of the growth plate during the process of endochondral ossification, which is strongly regulated by numerous local factors (intracellular, paracrine and extracellular matrix factors) and systemic factors (nutrition, hormones, proinflammatory cytokines and extracellular fluids). This explains why growth retardation can be associated with numerous pathologies, particularly genetic syndromes, hormonal or inflammatory conditions, or gastrointestinal disorders having a nutritional impact. However, in most cases (80%), no specific aetiology is found after clinical investigation and conventional additional tests have been carried out. In such cases, "idiopathic" short stature is diagnosed, which includes patients presenting with constitutional delay of growth and development and familial short stature, but also patients with very subtle constitutional skeletal dysplasia which are not easily identifiable. In recent years, new methods of genetic investigation (e.g. gene panels, exome or genome sequencing) have made it possible to identify many genetic variants associated with apparently isolated short stature. Indeed, it is still difficult to estimate the proportion of patients presenting with idiopathic short stature for which a molecular diagnosis of monogenic conditions could be made. This estimate varies hugely depending on the thoroughness of the clinical, laboratory and radiological assessments performed prior to molecular analysis, since retrospective analysis of positive cases usually reveals subtle signs of underlying syndromes or rare skeletal disorders. Molecular diagnosis in children is important to be able to offer genetic counselling and to organise patient management. Moreover, improved understanding of the molecular basis of these cases of short stature opens up numerous possibilities for more specific treatments targeting the growth plate. © 2022 French Society of Pediatrics. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Growth retardation; Idiopathic short stature; Molecular analyses; Skeletal dysplasia.