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Review
. 2023 Oct 21;12(10):1266.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens12101266.

Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Porcine Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in India: A 13-Year (2010-2023) Study

Swaraj Rajkhowa  1 , Joyshikh Sonowal  1 , Udipta Borthakur  2 , Seema Rani Pegu  1 , Rajib Deb  1 , Pranab Jyoti Das  1 , Gyanendra Singh Sengar  1 , Vivek Kumar Gupta  1
Affiliations
Review

Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Porcine Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in India: A 13-Year (2010-2023) Study

Swaraj Rajkhowa et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

The presence of bacterial pathogens such as Brucella spp., Clostridium spp., E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus suis not only hampers pig production but also carries significant zoonotic implications. The present study aims to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning over 13 years (2010-2023) to ascertain the prevalence of these zoonotic bacterial pathogens in Indian pig populations. The study seeks to synthesize data from diverse geographic regions within India and underscores the relevance of the One Health framework. A systematic search of electronic databases was meticulously performed. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies detailing zoonotic bacterial pathogen prevalence in pigs within India during the specified timeframe. Pertinent information including authors, publication year, geographical location, sampling techniques, sample sizes, and pathogen-positive case counts were meticulously extracted. The meta-analysis of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in Indian pig populations (2010-2023) unveiled varying prevalence rates: 9% Brucella spp., 22% Clostridium spp., 19% E. coli, 12% Listeria monocytogenes, 10% Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus suis, and 24% Staphylococcus spp. The application of random effects further revealed additional variability: 6% Brucella spp., 23% Clostridium spp., 24% E. coli, 14% Listeria monocytogenes, 10% Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus suis, and 35% Staphylococcus spp. Notably, the observed heterogeneity (I2) varied significantly from 87% to 99%. The meta-analysis findings underscore the pervasive nature of these diseases throughout India's pig populations, accentuating the substantial impact of these pathogens on pig health and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The present study reinforces the importance of the adoption of a comprehensive One Health approach that acknowledges the intricate interplay between animal, human and environmental health.

Keywords: India; meta-analysis; pig; prevalence; zoonotic bacteria.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic depiction of the literature selection procedure for the systematic review of the prevalence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in swine of India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Funnel plot that elucidates potential publication bias in prevalence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Representation of a scatter plot, depicting the positive percentage trends in the prevalence of different zoonotic bacterial pathogens among Indian swine. The data spans the years from 2010 to 2023 and includes samples from different regions across India.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot showing the result of 23 studies reporting the prevalence of brucellosis in pigs in India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot showing the result of 7 studies reporting the prevalence of Clostridium spp. in pigs in India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Forest plot showing the result of 23 studies reporting the prevalence of E. coli in pigs in India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Forest plot showing the result of 8 studies reporting the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in pigs in India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Forest plot showing the result of 14 studies reporting the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pigs in India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Forest plot showing the result of 11 studies reporting the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. in pigs in India from 2010 to 2023.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Forest plot showing the result of 10 studies reporting the prevalence of Streptococcus suis in pigs in India from 2010 to 2023.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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