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. 2023 Oct 27;10(10):CD007130.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007130.pub5.

Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation

Sinead Tj McDonagh  1 , Hasnain Dalal  1 , Sarah Moore  1 , Christopher E Clark  1 , Sarah G Dean  1 , Kate Jolly  2 , Aynsley Cowie  3 , Jannat Afzal  4 , Rod S Taylor  5
Affiliations

Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation

Sinead Tj McDonagh et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death globally. Traditionally, centre-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes are offered to individuals after cardiac events to aid recovery and prevent further cardiac illness. Home-based and technology-supported cardiac rehabilitation programmes have been introduced in an attempt to widen access and participation, especially during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This is an update of a review previously published in 2009, 2015, and 2017.

Objectives: To compare the effect of home-based (which may include digital/telehealth interventions) and supervised centre-based cardiac rehabilitation on mortality and morbidity, exercise-capacity, health-related quality of life, and modifiable cardiac risk factors in patients with heart disease SEARCH METHODS: We updated searches from the previous Cochrane Review by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid) and CINAHL (EBSCO) on 16 September 2022. We also searched two clinical trials registers as well as previous systematic reviews and reference lists of included studies. No language restrictions were applied.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that compared centre-based cardiac rehabilitation (e.g. hospital, sports/community centre) with home-based programmes (± digital/telehealth platforms) in adults with myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, or who had undergone revascularisation.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened all identified references for inclusion based on predefined inclusion criteria. Disagreements were resolved through discussion or by involving a third review author. Two authors independently extracted outcome data and study characteristics and assessed risk of bias. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE.

Main results: We included three new trials in this update, bringing a total of 24 trials that have randomised a total of 3046 participants undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. A further nine studies were identified and are awaiting classification. Manual searching of trial registers until 16 September 2022 revealed a further 14 clinical trial registrations - these are ongoing. Participants had a history of acute myocardial infarction, revascularisation, or heart failure. Although there was little evidence of high risk of bias, a number of studies provided insufficient detail to enable assessment of potential risk of bias; in particular, details of generation and concealment of random allocation sequencing and blinding of outcome assessment were poorly reported. No evidence of a difference was seen between home- and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation in our primary outcomes up to 12 months of follow-up: total mortality (risk ratio [RR] = 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65 to 2.16; participants = 1647; studies = 12/comparisons = 14; low-certainty evidence) or exercise capacity (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.10, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.04; participants = 2343; studies = 24/comparisons = 28; low-certainty evidence). The majority of evidence (N=71 / 77 comparisons of either total or domain scores) showed no significant difference in health-related quality of life up to 24 months follow-up between home- and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation. Trials were generally of short duration, with only three studies reporting outcomes beyond 12 months (exercise capacity: SMD 0.11, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.23; participants = 1074; studies = 3; moderate-certainty evidence). There was a similar level of trial completion (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.08; participants = 2638; studies = 22/comparisons = 26; low-certainty evidence) between home-based and centre-based participants. The cost per patient of centre- and home-based programmes was similar.

Authors' conclusions: This update supports previous conclusions that home- (± digital/telehealth platforms) and centre-based forms of cardiac rehabilitation formally supported by healthcare staff seem to be similarly effective in improving clinical and health-related quality of life outcomes in patients after myocardial infarction, or revascularisation, or with heart failure. This finding supports the continued expansion of healthcare professional supervised home-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes (± digital/telehealth platforms), especially important in the context of the ongoing global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that has much limited patients in face-to-face access of hospital and community health services. Where settings are able to provide both supervised centre- and home-based programmes, consideration of the preference of the individual patient would seem appropriate. Although not included in the scope of this review, there is an increasing evidence base supporting the use of hybrid models that combine elements of both centre-based and home-based cardiac rehabilitation delivery. Further data are needed to determine: (1) whether the short-term effects of home/digital-telehealth and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation models of delivery can be confirmed in the longer term; (2) the relative clinical effectiveness and safety of home-based programmes for other heart patients, e.g. post-valve surgery and atrial fibrillation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Jannat Afzal: no relevant interests; published opinions relevant to the interventions in the work ‐ the Promise and Challenge of Telerehabilitation in Cardiac Rehabilitation University of Glasgow.

Christopher Clark: Bayer (Consultant); ReCor Medical (Consultant).

Aynsley Cowie: no relevant interests; works as a health professional ‐ NHS Ayrshire and Arran; lead author on Cowie 2012 ‐ a study comparing home and hospital‐based exercise in heart failure. This was conducted as part of a PhD and funded entirely by employer, NHS Ayrshire and Arran. The study took place entirely within this institution.

Hasnain Dalal: no relevant interests; published opinions ‐ BMJ Clinical Reviews in 2015 and 2021 on Cardiac Rehabilitation; chief investigator for the Cornwall Heart Attack Rehabilitation Management Study ‐ Dalal HM, Evans PH, Campbell JL, Taylor RS, Watt A, Read KL, et al. Home‐based versus hospital‐based rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: a randomized trial with preference arms ‐ Cornwall Heart Attack Rehabilitation Management Study (CHARMS). International Journal of Cardiology 2007;119(2):202‐11; Taylor RS, Watt A, Dalal HM, Evans PH, Campbell JL, Read KL, et al. Home‐based cardiac rehabilitation versus hospital‐based rehabilitation: a cost‐effectiveness analysis. International Journal of Cardiology 2007;119(2):196‐201. Funding: NHS R&D (now the National Institute of Health Research, UK).

Sarah Dean: other IP ‐ textbook 'Interprofessional Rehabilitation: a person‐centred approach'.

Kat Jolly: National Institute for Health Research (Sub‐committee chair of NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Health Research); Chief investigator of Jolly 2007 ‐ funded by UK NIHR HTA programme.

Sinead McDonagh: National Institute for Health Research (Grant/contract).

Sarah Moore: no relevant interests; works as a GP for Wonford Green Surgery, Exeter, UK.

Rod Taylor: no relevant interests; Cochrane Heart (now closed) Editor, and not involved in the editorial process of this review update.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram *Two RCTs removed as follow‐up communication with trial lead investigators: neither trial was available/published to allow full assessment of their methods/risk of bias **Attempts to seek further information were unsuccessful
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study
3
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Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies
4
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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 home‐base vs centre‐based, outcome: 1.1 Total mortality.
5
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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 home‐base vs centre‐based, outcome: 1.2 Exercise capacity ≤ 12 months.
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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 home‐base vs centre‐based, outcome: 1.4 Completers.
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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 home‐base vs centre‐based, outcome: 1.5 Total cholesterol 3 to 12 months.
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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 home‐base vs centre‐based, outcome: 1.9 Systolic blood pressure 3 to 12 months.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 1: Total mortality
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 2: Exercise capacity ≤ 12 months
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 3: Exercise capacity 12 to 24 months
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 4: Completers
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 5: Total cholesterol 3 to 12 months (mmol/L)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 6: HDL cholesterol 3 to 12 months (mmol/L)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 7: LDL cholesterol 3 to 12 months (mmol/L)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 8: Triglycerides 3 to 12 months (mmol/L)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 9: Systolic blood pressure 3 to 12 months (mmHg)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 10: Diastolic blood pressure 3 to 12 months (mmHg)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Home‐base vs. centre‐based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), Outcome 11: Smoking 3 to 12 months
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Hwang 2017 {published data only}
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Jolly 2007 {published and unpublished data}72884263
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Kraal 2014 {published data only}
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Maddison 2019 {published data only}
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Miller 1984 {published data only}
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Moholdt 2012 {published data only}
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Oerkild 2011 {published data only}
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Piotrowicz 2010 {published data only}
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Sparks 1993 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Ades 2000 {published data only}
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Adib‐Hajbaghery 2013 {published data only}
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Amo‐Setien 2019 {published data only}
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Antoniou 2022a {published data only}
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Antypas 2014 {published data only}
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Arietaleanizbeaskoa 2019 {published data only}
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Avila 2017 {published data only}
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Avila 2018 {published data only}
    1. Avila A, Claes J, Goetschalckx K, Buys R, Azzawi M, Vanhees L, Cornelissen V. Home-based rehabilitation with telemonitoring guidance for patients with coronary artery disease (short-term results of the TRiCH study): randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2018;20(6):e225. - PMC - PubMed
Avila 2020 {published data only}
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Bailly 2018 {published data only}
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Bakhshayesh 2020 {published data only}
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Bensink 2006 {published data only}
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Broers 2020 {published data only}
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Christa 2019 {published data only}
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Claes 2020 {published data only}
    1. Claes J, Cornelissen V, McDermott C, Moyna N, Pattyn N, Cornelis N, et al. Feasibility, acceptability, and clinical effectiveness of a technology-enabled cardiac rehabilitation platform (Physical Activity Toward Health-I): randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(2):e14221. - PMC - PubMed
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Dinh 2019 {published data only}
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Dor‐Haim 2019 {published data only}
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Duan 2018 {published data only}
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Flodgren 2015 {published data only}
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Frederix 2015 {published data only}
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Garcia‐Bravo 2020 {published data only}
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Gellis 2012 {published data only}
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Heron 2016 {published data only}
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Inglis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Inglis SC, Clark RA, McAlister FA, Ball J, Lewinter C, Cullington D, et al. Benefits of structured telephone support or telemonitoring in heart failure on mortality, hospitalisation and cost: a meta-analysis of 8,323 heart failure patients. European Heart Journal 2010;31:878 [CRS ID: 19307516].
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Inglis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto-Merino D, Cleland JGF. Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015;10:CD007228. - PMC - PubMed
Irct20200408046997N 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200408046997N1. Comparing the effects of home-based and center-based cardiac rehabilitation. https://www.irct.ir/trial/47077 2020.
Jenny 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jenny NY, Fai TS. Evaluating the effectiveness of an interactive multimedia computer-based patient education program in cardiac rehabilitation. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 2001;21:260-75.
Jerant 2005 {published data only}
    1. Jerant AF, Nesbitt TS. Heart failure disease management incorporating telemedicine: a critical review. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management 2005;12(4):207-17.
Jiang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jiang Y, Shorey S, Seah B, Chan WX, Tam WWS, Wang W. The effectiveness of psychological interventions on self-care, psychological and health outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure - a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2018;78:16-25. - PubMed
Jiménez‐Marrero 2020 {published data only}
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Jin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jin H, Lee H. The effects of reinforced walking exercise on dyspnea-fatigue symptoms, daily activities, walking ability, and health related quality of life in heart failure patients. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016;28(3):288-78.
Jin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jin K, Khonsari S, Gallagher R, Gallagher P, Clark AM, Freedman B, et al. Telehealth interventions for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2019;18(4):269-71. - PubMed
Jovicic 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jovicic A. Supporting self-management in patients with congestive heart failure. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2009;69(12-B):7737.
Jprn 2013 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000009935. The effect of internet-based cardiac rehabilitation on improving coronary risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000009935 2013.
Jprn 2020 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000040657. Home-based real-time cardiac telerehabilitation: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000040657 2020.
Kabboul 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kabboul N. Cardiac rehabilitation programs and their core components for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2018;(8-B(E)).
Kairy 2009 {published data only}
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Karhula 2015 {published data only}
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Karmali 2014 {published data only}
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Kitsiou 2015 {published data only}
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Knox 2017 {published data only}
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Konstam 2011 {published data only}
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Kortke 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kortke H, Stromeyer H, Zittermann A, Buhr N, Zimmermann E, Wienecke E, et al. New East-Westfalian postoperative therapy concept: a telemedicine guide for the study of ambulatory rehabilitation of patients after cardiac surgery. Telemedicine Journal and E-Health 2006;12(4):475-83. - PubMed
Korzeniowska‐Kubacka 2011 {published data only}
    1. Korzeniowska-Kubacka I, Dobraszkiewicz-Wasilewska B, Bilinska M, Rydzewska E, Piotrowicz R. Two models of early cardiac rehabilitation in male patients after myocardial infarction with preserved left ventricular function: comparison of standard out-patient versus hybrid training programmes. Kardiologia Polska 2011;69(3):220-6. - PubMed
Kotb 2015 {published data only}
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Kraal 2015 {published data only}
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Kraal 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kraal JJ, Van Den Akker-Van Marle ME, Abu-Hanna A Stut W, Peek N, Kemps HMC. Home-based cardiac rehabilitation as an alternative to centre-based cardiac rehabilitation: economic evaluation of the FIT@Home study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2017;24(1):S78-79. - PMC - PubMed
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Lambrinou 2019 {published data only}
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Lans 2018 {published data only}
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Leavitt 2020 {published data only}
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Lee 2013 {published data only}
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Li 2022 {published data only}
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Lounsbury 2015 {published data only}
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Lubinskaya 2014 {published data only}
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Luhr 2019 {published data only}
    1. Luhr K, Eldh AC, Theander K, Holmefur M. Effects of a self-management programme on patient participation in patients with chronic heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2019;18(3):185-93. - PubMed
Lunde 2020 {published data only}
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Lynggaard 2019 {published data only}
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Lynggaard 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lynggaard V, Zwisler AD, Taylor RS, May O, Nielsen CV. Effects of the patient education strategy 'Learning and Coping' in cardiac rehabilitation on readmissions and mortality: a randomized controlled trial (LC-REHAB). Health Education Research 2020;35(1):74-85. - PubMed
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Maddison 2015 {published data only}
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Mahfood Haddad 2017 {published data only}
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McDermott 2019 {published data only}
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McGhee 2010 {published data only}
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McGuire 2020 {published data only}
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Mohebbi 2018 {published data only}
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Mudge 2018 {published data only}
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NCT01567189 {unpublished data only}
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NCT 2010 {published data only}
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NCT 2019 {published data only}
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NCT 2022 {published data only}
    1. Virtual Care Strategies to Improve Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation Among Veterans. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05423158 2022.
Neubeck 2009 {published data only}
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Pfaeffli Dale 2015 {published data only}
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Pfaeffli Dale 2015a {published data only}
    1. Pfaeffli Dale L, Whittaker R, Dixon R, Stewart R, Jiang Y, Carter K, et al. Acceptability of a mobile health exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation intervention: a randomized trial. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2015;35(5):312-19. - PubMed
Piepoli 2015 {published data only}
    1. Piepoli MF, Binno S, Corra U, Seferovic P, Conraads V, Jaarsma T, et al. ExtraHF survey: the first European survey on implementation of exercise training in heart failure patients. European Journal of Heart Failure 2015;17(6):631-8. - PubMed
Piotrowicz 2013 {published data only}
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Piotrowicz 2015 {published data only}
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Piotrowicz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Piotrowicz E, Opolski G, Banach M, Zareba W, Pencina M, Piotrowicz R. Hybrid telerehabilitation in heart failure patients (TELEREH-HF) a randomized, prospective, open-label, parallel group, controlled, multi-center trial-study design and description of the intervention. In: European Journal of Heart Failure. Vol. 21. 2019:568. - PubMed
Piotrowicz 2019a {published data only}
    1. Piotrowicz E, Piotrowicz R, Opolski G, Orzechowski P, Pluta S, Glowczynska R, et al. Hybrid telerehabilitation and telecare is more efffective than usual care in improving peak vo2 and 6-minute walk distance but is not associated with reduction of 24-months mortality except in the most experienced center -result of the first randomized, prospective, open-label, parallel group, controlled, multi-center -Telereh-HF study. In: Circulation. Vol. 140. 2019:A14303.
Piotrowicz 2019b {published data only}
    1. Piotrowicz E, Piotrowicz R, Opolski G, Pencina M, Banach M, Zareba W. Hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation in heart failure patients (TELEREH-HF): a randomized, multicenter, prospective, open-label, parallel group controlled trial-Study design and description of the intervention. American Heart Journal 2019;217:148-158. - PubMed
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Pogosova 2019 {published data only}
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Polisena 2010 {published data only}
    1. Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, Hutton B, McGill S, Palmer K, et al. Home telemonitoring for congestive heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2010;16(2):68-76. - PubMed
Prabhakaran 2020 {published data only}
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Pratesi 2019 {published data only}
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Prince 2017 {published data only}
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Purcell 2014 {published data only}
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Reid 2012 {published data only}
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Resurreccion 2019 {published data only}
    1. Resurreccion DM, Moreno-Peral P, Gomez-Herranz M, Rubio-Valera M, Pastor L, Caldas de Almeida JM, et al. Factors associated with non-participation in and dropout from cardiac rehabilitation programmes: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2019;18(1):38-47. - PubMed
Rosario 2018 {published data only}
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Ruiz‐Pérez 2019 {published data only}
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Rush 2018 {published data only}
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Sabatier 2013 {published data only}
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Saeidi 2017 {published data only}
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Salvi 2018 {published data only}
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Salzwedel 2020 {published data only}
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Schopfer 2020 {published data only}
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Simerly 2013 {published data only}
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Soran 2010 {published data only}
    1. Soran OZ, Feldman AM, Piña IL, Lamas GA, Kelsey SF, Selzer F, et al. Cost of medical services in older patients with heart failure: those receiving enhanced monitoring using a computer-based telephonic monitoring system compared with those in usual care: the heart failure home care trial. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2010;16(11):859-66. - PubMed
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    1. Spindler H, Leerskov K, Joensson K, Nielsen G, Andreasen JJ, Dinesen B. Conventional rehabilitation therapy versus telerehabilitation in cardiac patients: a comparison of motivation, psychological distress, and quality of life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(3):512. - PMC - PubMed
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Su 2020 {published data only}
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Sumner 2017 {published data only}
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Tang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tang LH, Zwisler AD, Doherty P, Oldridge N, Berg SK, Christensen J. Changes in physical performance and their association with health-related quality of life in a mixed nonischemic cardiac population that participates in rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2019;40(2):102-07. - PubMed
Taylor 2019a {published data only}
    1. Taylor RS, Sadler S, Dalal HM, Warren FC, Jolly K, Davis RC, et al. The cost effectiveness of REACH-HF and home-based cardiac rehabilitation compared with the usual medical care for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a decision model-based analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2019;26(12):1252-61. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2019b {published data only}
    1. Taylor RS, Walker S, Smart NA, Piepoli MF, Warren FC, Ciani O, et al. Impact of exercise rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality-of-life in heart failure: individual participant meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2019;73(12):1430-43. - PMC - PubMed
Ter Hoeve 2019 {published data only}
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Thomas 2019 {published data only}
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Thomas 2019a {published data only}
    1. Thomas RJ, Beatty AL, Beckie TM, Brewer LC, Brown TM, Forman DE, et al. Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a scientific statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2019;140(1):e69-89. - PubMed
Thompson 2010 {published data only}
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Thorup 2016 {published data only}
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Tsai 2019 {published data only}
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Turan Kavradim 2020 {published data only}
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Turan Kavradim 2020a {published data only}
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VanSpall 2017 {published data only}
    1. Van Spall HG, Rahman T, Mytton O, Ramasundarahettige C, Ibrahim Q, Kabali C, et al. Comparative effectiveness of transitional care services in patients discharged from the hospital with heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. European Journal of Heart Failure 2017;19(11):1427-43. - PubMed
VanSpall 2019 {published data only}
    1. Van Spall HG, Lee SF, Xie F, Oz UE, Perez R, Mitoff PR, et al. Effect of Patient-Centered Transitional Care Services on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure: the PACT-HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;321(8):753-61. - PMC - PubMed
Varnfield 2018 {published data only}
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Verburg 2019 {published data only}
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Vestergaard 2020 {published data only}
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Voigt 2013 {published data only}
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Wagenaar 2019 {published data only}
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Wang 2018 {published data only}
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Wolszakiewicz 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wolszakiewicz J, Piotrowicz E, Foss-Nieradko B, Dobraszkiewicz-Wasilewska B, Piotrowicz R. A novel model of exercise walking training in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. Kardiologia Polska 2015;73(2):118-26. - PubMed
Wong 2016 {published data only}
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Wong 2016a {published data only}
    1. Wong EM, Chair SY, Leung DY, Sit JW, Chan AW, Leung KC. The effect of an e-health web-based support programme on psychological outcomes and health related quality of life among Chinese patients with coronary heart disease: a parallel-group randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016;388(Special Issue 1):86.
Xia 2018 {published data only}
    1. Xia T, Huang F, Peng Y, Huang B, Pu X, Yang Y, et al. Efficacy of different types of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on coronary heart disease: a network meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2018;33(12):2201-09. - PMC - PubMed
Xiang 2013 {published data only}
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Xu 2019 {published data only}
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Yanicelli 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yanicelli LM, Goy CB, Gonzalez VD, Palacios GN, Martinez EC, Herrera MC. Non-invasive home telemonitoring system for heart failure patients: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2021;27:553-61. - PubMed
Yudi 2021 {published data only}
    1. SMARTphone-based, early cardiac REHABilitation in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol [SMART-REHAB Trial] (ACTRN12616000426482). www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12616000426482 (first received 30 March 2016). [CRS ID: 5828991].
    1. Yudi MB, Clark DJ, Tsang D, Jelinek M, Kalten K, Joshi S, et al. SMARTphone-based, early cardiac REHABilitation in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. Coronary Artery Disease 2021;3(6):432-40. - PubMed
Yun 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yun JE, Park JE, Park HY, Lee HY, Park DA. Comparative effectiveness of telemonitoring versus usual care for heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2018;24(1):19-28. - PubMed
Zhao 2020 {published data only}
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Zheng 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zheng X, Zheng Y, Ma J, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu X, et al. Effect of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart and Lung 2019;48(1):1-7. - PubMed
Zutz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zutz A, Ignaszewski A, Bates J, Lear SA. Utilization of the internet to deliver cardiac rehabilitation at a distance: a pilot study. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 2007;13(3):323-30. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Andrade 2021 {published data only}
    1. Andrade GN, Umeda IIK, Fuchs ARCN, Mastrocola LE, Rossi-Neto JM, Moreira DAR, et al. Home-based training program in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized pilot study. Clinics 2021;76:e2550. - PMC - PubMed
Antoniou 2022 {published data only}
    1. Antoniou V, Xanthopoulos A, Giamouzis G, Davos C, Batalik L, Stavrou V, et al. Efficacy, efficiency and safety of a cardiac telerehabilitation programme using wearable sensors in patients with coronary heart disease: the TELEWEAR-CR study protocol. BMJ Open 2022;12:e059945. - PMC - PubMed
Batalik 2021 {published data only}
    1. Batalik L, Dosbaba F, Hartman M, Konecny V, Batalikova K, Spinar J. Long-term exercise effects after cardiac telerehabilitation in patients with coronary artery disease: 1-year follow-up results of the randomized study. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2021;57(5):807-14. - PubMed
Brouwers 2022 {published data only}
    1. Brouwers RWM, Kemps HMC, Herkert C, Peek N, Kraal JJ. A 12-week cardiac telerehabilitation programme does not prevent relapse of physical activity levels: long-term results of the FIT@Home trial. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2022;29(7):e255-257. - PubMed
Collins 2022 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Assessing telehealth delivery of phase III cardiac rehabilitation in regional Australia: rationale and design for a non-inferiority trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12622000872730.
Dalli Peydro 2022 {published data only}
    1. Dalli Peydro, E, Sanz Sevilla N, Tuzon Segarra, MT, Miro Palau V, Sanchez Torrijos J, Cosin Sales J. A randomized controlled clinical trial of cardiac telerehabilitation with a prolonged mobile care monitoring strategy after an acute coronary syndrome. Clinical cardiology 2022;45(1):31-41. - PMC - PubMed
Dalli‐Peydro 2022a {published data only}
    1. Dalli-Peydro E, Gisbert-Criado R, Amigo N, Sanz-Sevilla N, Cosin-Sales J. Cardiac telerehabilitation with long-term follow-up reduces GlycA and improves lipoprotein particle profile: A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Cardiology 2022;369:60-4. - PubMed
Etemadifar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Etemadifar S, Davoodvand S, Tahmasebian S, Sedehi M, Esmaeili Z. The Effects of Implementation Cardiac Rehabilitation Program Using a Mobile Application on Activity Tolerance, Fatigue, and Dyspnea in Patients with Myocardial Infraction; A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2021;38(600):862-68.
Takroni 2022 {published data only}
    1. Takroni MA, Thow M, Ellis B, Seenan C. Home-Based Versus Outpatient-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing 2022;37(3):274-80. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR2100050467 {published and unpublished data}
    1. The effect of home-based cardiac rehabilitation on senile coronary heart disease patients frailty. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2100050467.
IRCT20191117045462N8 {published data only}
    1. Comparison of home based and supervised cardiac rehabilitation program on physical activity in Myocardial Infarction - IV patients. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20191117045462N8.
IRCT20201028049181N1 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Evaluation and comparison of two methods of cardiac rehabilitation, (at home and advanced cardiac rehabilitation in hospital) in terms of controlling risk factors and the status of cardiac indices in patients that candidates for cardiac rehabilitation. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20201028049181N1.
IRCT20210509051235N1 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Evaluation and designing a home-based cardiac rehabilitation in myocardial infarction patient based on health action process approach. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20210509051235N1.
ISRCTN18022985 {published data only}
    1. Implementation and evaluation of a telemedicine-based service to support "e-supervised" regime in Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs: a randomised controlled trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN18022985.
JPRN‐UMIN000045024 {published and unpublished data}
    1. TELE cardiac REHAbilitation system using tele-nursing with apple watch-a large prospective randomized study - TELE-REHA Trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000045024.
KCT0006385 {published data only}
    1. Chung I & IM SS. A comparative study assessing the secondary prevention efficacy between center-based vs. home-based cardiact rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular diseases. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=KCT0006385.
NCT04938661 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Improving cardiac rehabilitation outcomes through mobile case management (iCARE). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04938661?term=home&cond=cardi....
NCT05019157 {published and unpublished data}
    1. TELE-WEAR: a multi-centre, blinded, randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy, efficiency and cost - effectiveness of a cardiac telerehabilitation program using wearable sensors. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05019157?term=home&cond=cardi....
NCT05201976 {published and unpublished data}
    1. A Clinical Trial Investigating the Effects of a Virtually Implemented Home Based Cardiac Rehab Program With Real-time, Video-based Exercise Supervision and Vitals Monitoring. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NCT05201976.
NCT05264701 {published data only}
    1. Investigation of the Effects of Artificial Intelligence-supported and Technology-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs on Participation and Exercise Capacity in Coronary Artery Patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05264701.
NCT05270993 {published and unpublished data}
    1. An Integrative Cardiac Rehabilitation Employing Smartphone Technology (iCREST) for Patients With Post-myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05270993.
NCT05326529 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Comparison of Traditional, Web-based or a Combined Cardiac Rehabilitation Programme. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NCT05326529.
NCT05385341 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Is Tele-rehabilitation an Efficacious Alternative to Traditional Center Based Cardiac Rehabilitation After Acute Coronary Syndrome? https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05385341?term=home&cond=cardi....

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References to other published versions of this review

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