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Review
. 2023 Oct 12;15(20):4070.
doi: 10.3390/polym15204070.

Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospective of Cellulose Nanocrystals

Adib Bin Rashid  1 , Md Enamul Hoque  2 , Nahiyan Kabir  1 , Fahim Ferdin Rifat  1 , Hasin Ishrak  1 , Abdulrahman Alqahtani  3   4 , Muhammad E H Chowdhury  5
Affiliations
Review

Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospective of Cellulose Nanocrystals

Adib Bin Rashid et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

The exploration of nanocellulose has been aided by rapid nanotechnology and material science breakthroughs, resulting in their emergence as desired biomaterials. Nanocellulose has been thoroughly studied in various disciplines, including renewable energy, electronics, environment, food production, biomedicine, healthcare, and so on. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a part of the organic crystallization of macromolecular compounds found in bacteria's capsular polysaccharides and plant fibers. Owing to numerous reactive chemical groups on its surface, physical adsorption, surface grating, and chemical vapor deposition can all be used to increase its performance, which is the key reason for its wide range of applications. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have much potential as suitable matrices and advanced materials, and they have been utilized so far, both in terms of modifying and inventing uses for them. This work reviews CNC's synthesis, properties and various industrial applications. This review has also discussed the widespread applications of CNC as sensor, acoustic insulator, and fire retardant material.

Keywords: acoustic insulator; cellulose nanocrystal; fire retardant; nanotechnology; physical adsorption.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no particular conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 17
Figure 17
Various applications of CNC in drug delivery and other sectors [101].
Figure 1
Figure 1
Production process of nanocellulose [12].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Operation schemes of (a) high-pressure homogenizer; (b) micro grinder from Masuko Sangyo Co.; and (c) micro fluidizer from Microfluidics Inc. [14].
Figure 3
Figure 3
A schematic diagram of the micro fluidization process [16].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Ultra-friction grinder for the synthesis of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) [15].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Manufacturing of CNC by acid hydrolysis and the corresponding TEM image [20].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Properties of CNC.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The three-dimensional atomic structure of cellulose 3D nanocrystals (a–c) [22]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of nanocellulose (NC) (d) [23]; atomic force microscopy (AFM) images (peak-force error) of NC (e) [23].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Thermal properties of CNC.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Self-organized CNC films with rainbow hues and ambidextrous optical reflection, produced via tilted-angle self-assembly method [34].
Figure 10
Figure 10
(a) Nano-cellulose-based composite foam with sepiolite (SEP), graphene oxide (GO), and boric acid (b) offers thermal insulation and fire resistance [38].
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) Cellulose/TiO2/PANI system is depicted. (b) Cellulose/PANI and cellulose/TiO2/PANI respond to several ammonia concentrations (10–250 ppm). (c) The selectivity of cellulose/TiO2/PANI in various solvents [71].
Figure 12
Figure 12
A chemical sensor’s schematic structure [75].
Figure 13
Figure 13
The construction of the CNC arrays [11].
Figure 14
Figure 14
The constructed sensor and its performance measurement are depicted in the schematic diagram [4].
Figure 15
Figure 15
State-of-the-art applications for new nanocellulose-based materials [80].
Figure 16
Figure 16
Nanocellulose surface modification techniques classified by pollutant class.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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