Comprehensive review of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Understanding pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies, and current treatment approaches

Abstract

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by complete coronary artery occlusion, leading to myocardial ischemia and subsequent necrosis. Over the years, STEMI has remained a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology, accurate diagnostic strategies, and effective treatment approaches. This review article aims to thoroughly analyze the current knowledge surrounding STEMI, emphasizing key aspects crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. Firstly, the pathophysiology of STEMI will be explored, elucidating the sequence of events from coronary artery plaque rupture to thrombus formation and occlusion. This section will also cover the underlying risk factors contributing to STEMI development, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Secondly, the diagnostic modalities for STEMI will be critically evaluated. Traditional electrocardiography remains the cornerstone of STEMI diagnosis. Still, advancements in imaging techniques such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and coronary angiography have enhanced accuracy and allow for better risk stratification. Furthermore, the review will delve into the latest treatment approaches for STEMI. Prompt reperfusion therapy through primary percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombolytic therapy is essential in restoring blood flow and salvaging the jeopardized myocardium. The role of adjunctive medical treatment, including antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, and statins, will also be discussed in post-STEMI management.