Human emotion processing accuracy, negative biases, and fMRI activation are associated with childhood trauma

Abstract

Introduction: Emerging literature suggests that childhood trauma may influence facial emotion perception (FEP), with the potential to negatively bias both emotion perception and reactions to emotion-related inputs. Negative emotion perception biases are associated with a range of psychiatric and behavioral problems, potentially due or as a result of difficult social interactions. Unfortunately, there is a poor understanding of whether observed negative biases are related to childhood trauma history, depression history, or processes common to (and potentially causative of) both experiences.

Methods: The present cross-sectional study examines the relation between FEP and neural activation during FEP with retrospectively reported childhood trauma in young adult participants with remitted major depressive disorder (rMDD, n = 41) and without psychiatric histories (healthy controls [HC], n = 34). Accuracy of emotion categorization and negative bias errors during FEP and brain activation were each measured during exposure to fearful, angry, happy, sad, and neutral faces. We examined participant behavioral and neural responses in relation to total reported severity of childhood abuse and neglect (assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ).

Results: Results corrected for multiple comparisons indicate that higher trauma scores were associated with greater likelihood of miscategorizing happy faces as angry. Activation in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) positively correlated with trauma scores when participants viewed faces that they correctly categorized as angry, fearful, sad, and happy.

Discussion: Identifying the neural mechanisms by which childhood trauma and MDD may change facial emotion perception could inform targeted prevention efforts for MDD or related interpersonal difficulties.

Keywords: childhood trauma; facial emotion perception; facial emotion perception test; major depressive disorder; middle frontal gyrus; response bias.

Figure 1

Visual depiction of sequence of stimuli displayed for a given trial in the Facial Emotion Perception Task (FEPT). Trials require participants either to categorize facial emotion depictions or broad animal types. Face reprinted with permission from The NimStim Set of Facial Expressions by Kapoor, A., Ewanation, L., Emamzadeh-Hashemi, E. A., Popov, M., Rashtbari, A., and Thölke, P., licensed under CC BY-4.0, retrieved from https://osf.io/y86rw/.

Figure 2

Neural activation during accurate categorization for angry, fearful, happy, sad and neutral emotions positively correlated with childhood trauma. Figure highlights right middle frontal gyrus activation at X = 38. Happy also demonstrates inferior parietal and other significant frontal clusters. Illustration only at k = 40 for angry, fearful, and happy. *For sad and neutral correlations, the voxel threshold was dropped to k = 10, p = 0.005 to display for comparison.

Figure 3

Right middle frontal gyrus activation partial correlations with childhood trauma (CTQ). Findings of the ROI analysis in an 8 mm cluster. Significant cluster activation differences occurred in relation to CTQ when correctly identifying angry, fearful, happy, and sad faces. For neutral and rest block conditions, CTQ was not significantly correlated with extracted activation within the cluster. *Indicates significant correlation between childhood trauma and activation for the specified condition. * p ≤ 0.05. ** p ≤ 0.01.