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. 2023 Nov 2;11(11):CD008176.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008176.pub3.

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease

Julia Mt Colombijn  1 , Lotty Hooft  2 , Min Jun  3 , Angela C Webster  4   5   6   7 , Michiel L Bots  8 , Marianne C Verhaar  9 , Robin Wm Vernooij  1
Affiliations

Antioxidants for adults with chronic kidney disease

Julia Mt Colombijn et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. Increased oxidative stress in people with CKD has been implicated as a potential causative factor. Antioxidant therapy decreases oxidative stress and may consequently reduce cardiovascular morbidity and death in people with CKD. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2012.

Objectives: To examine the benefits and harms of antioxidant therapy on death and cardiovascular and kidney endpoints in adults with CKD stages 3 to 5, patients undergoing dialysis, and kidney transplant recipients.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies until 15 November 2022 using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials investigating the use of antioxidants, compared with placebo, usual or standard care, no treatment, or other antioxidants, for adults with CKD on cardiovascular and kidney endpoints.

Data collection and analysis: Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two authors who also performed data extraction using standardised forms. Results were pooled using random effects models and expressed as risk ratios (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Main results: We included 95 studies (10,468 randomised patients) that evaluated antioxidant therapy in adults with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (31 studies, 5342 patients), dialysis-dependent CKD (41 studies, 3444 patients) and kidney transplant recipients (21 studies, 1529 patients). Two studies enrolled dialysis and non-dialysis patients (153 patients). Twenty-one studies assessed the effects of vitamin antioxidants, and 74 assessed the effects of non-vitamin antioxidants. Overall, the quality of included studies was moderate to low or very low due to unclear or high risk of bias for randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding, and loss to follow-up. Compared with placebo, usual care, or no treatment, antioxidant therapy may have little or no effect on cardiovascular death (8 studies, 3813 patients: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.40; I² = 33%; low certainty of evidence) and probably has little to no effect on death (any cause) (45 studies, 7530 patients: RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.11; I² = 0%; moderate certainty of evidence), CVD (16 studies, 4768 patients: RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99; I² = 23%; moderate certainty of evidence), or loss of kidney transplant (graft loss) (11 studies, 1053 patients: RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.17; I² = 0%; moderate certainty of evidence). Compared with placebo, usual care, or no treatment, antioxidants had little to no effect on the slope of urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (change in UACR) (7 studies, 1286 patients: MD -0.04 mg/mmol, 95% CI -0.55 to 0.47; I² = 37%; very low certainty of evidence) but the evidence is very uncertain. Antioxidants probably reduced the progression to kidney failure (10 studies, 3201 patients: RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.02; I² = 41%; moderate certainty of evidence), may improve the slope of estimated glomerular filtration rate (change in eGFR) (28 studies, 4128 patients: MD 3.65 mL/min/1.73 m², 95% CI 2.81 to 4.50; I² = 99%; low certainty of evidence), but had uncertain effects on the slope of serum creatinine (change in SCr) (16 studies, 3180 patients: MD -13.35 µmol/L, 95% CI -23.49 to -3.23; I² = 98%; very low certainty of evidence). Possible safety concerns are an observed increase in the risk of infection (14 studies, 3697 patients: RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.50; I² = 3%; moderate certainty of evidence) and heart failure (6 studies, 3733 patients: RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.75; I² = 0; moderate certainty of evidence) among antioxidant users. Results of studies with a low risk of bias or longer follow-ups generally were comparable to the main analyses.

Authors' conclusions: We found no evidence that antioxidants reduced death or improved kidney transplant outcomes or proteinuria in patients with CKD. Antioxidants likely reduce cardiovascular events and progression to kidney failure and may improve kidney function. Possible concerns are an increased risk of infections and heart failure among antioxidant users. However, most studies were of suboptimal quality and had limited follow-up, and few included people undergoing dialysis or kidney transplant recipients. Furthermore, the large heterogeneity in interventions hampers drawing conclusions on the efficacy and safety of individual agents.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00561093 NCT00384618 NCT00915200 NCT01351675 NCT00811889 NCT01408680 NCT01831193 NCT02552888 NCT00998972 NCT00285298 NCT01412320 NCT01147354 NCT02766036 NCT01473914 NCT03524846 NCT01003236 NCT02225886 NCT01382303 NCT00440869 NCT00572663 NCT01125033 NCT02433925 NCT03144882 NCT02704494 NCT01356433 NCT03625648.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Julia MT Colombijn: no relevant interests were disclosed

  2. Lotty Hooft: no relevant interests were disclosed

  3. MinJun: no relevant interests were disclosed

  4. Angela C Webster: no relevant interests were disclosed

  5. Michiel L Bots: no relevant interests were disclosed

  6. Marianne C Verhaar: no relevant interests were disclosed

  7. Robin Vernooij: no relevant interests were disclosed

Figures

1
1
Flow chart: 2023 review update study selection
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 1: Cardiovascular death
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 2: Death (any cause)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 3: Cardiovascular disease
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 4: Coronary heart disease
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 5: Heart failure
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 6: Cerebrovascular disease
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 7: Peripheral vascular disease
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 8: Kidney failure
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 9: eGFR at end of study
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 10: Change in eGFR
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 11: Serum creatinine at end of study
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 12: Change in serum creatinine
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 13: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at end of study
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 14: Change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 15: Proteinuria at end of study
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 16: Change in proteinuria
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 17: Albuminuria at end of study
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 18: Change in albuminuria
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 19: Vascular access thrombosis
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 20: Graft loss
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 21: Graft failure
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 22: Delayed graft function
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 23: Malignancy
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 24: Major bleeding
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 25: Infection
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 26: Sensitivity analysis: change in eGFR without imputed SD
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 27: Sensitivity analysis: change in serum creatinine without imputed SD
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 28: Sensitivity analysis: change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio without imputed SD
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Pomegranate juice versus pomegranate extract, Outcome 1: Death (any cause)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Zinc acetate versus polaprezinc, Outcome 1: Death (any cause)
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 1: Cardiovascular death
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 2: Death (any cause)
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 3: Cardiovascular disease
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 4: Coronary heart disease
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 5: Heart failure
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 6: Cerebrovascular disease
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 7: Peripheral vascular disease
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 8: Kidney failure
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 9: eGFR at end of study
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 10: Change in eGFR
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 11: Serum creatinine at end of study
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 12: Change in serum creatinine
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 13: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at end of study
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 14: Change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 15: Albuminuria at end of study
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 16: Change in albuminuria
4.17
4.17. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 17: Vascular access thrombosis
4.18
4.18. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 18: Graft loss
4.19
4.19. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 19: Delayed graft function
4.20
4.20. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 20: Malignancy
4.21
4.21. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 21: Major bleeding
4.22
4.22. Analysis
Comparison 4: Vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 22: Infection
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 1: Cardiovascular death
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 2: Death (any cause)
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 3: Cardiovascular disease
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 4: Coronary heart disease
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 5: Heart failure
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 6: Cerebrovascular disease
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 7: Peripheral vascular disease
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 8: Kidney failure
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 9: eGFR at end of study
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 10: Change in eGFR
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 11: Serum creatinine at end of study
5.12
5.12. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 12: Change in serum creatinine
5.13
5.13. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 13: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at end of study
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 14: Change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio
5.15
5.15. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 15: Proteinuria at end of study
5.16
5.16. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 16: Change in proteinuria
5.17
5.17. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 17: Albuminuria at end of study
5.18
5.18. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 18: Change in albuminuria
5.19
5.19. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 19: Graft loss
5.20
5.20. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 20: Graft failure
5.21
5.21. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 21: Delayed graft function
5.22
5.22. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 22: Malignancy
5.23
5.23. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 23: Major bleeding
5.24
5.24. Analysis
Comparison 5: Non‐vitamin antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy, Outcome 24: Infection
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 1: Cardiovascular death
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 2: Death (any cause)
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 3: Cardiovascular disease
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 4: Coronary heart disease
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 5: Heart failure
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 6: Cerebrovascular disease
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 7: Peripheral vascular disease
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 8: Kidney failure
6.9
6.9. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 9: eGFR at end of study
6.10
6.10. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 10: Change in eGFR
6.11
6.11. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 11: Serum creatinine at end of study
6.12
6.12. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 12: Change in serum creatinine
6.13
6.13. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 13: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at end of study
6.14
6.14. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 14: Change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio
6.15
6.15. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 15: Proteinuria at end of study
6.16
6.16. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 16: Change in proteinuria
6.17
6.17. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 17: Albuminuria at end of study
6.18
6.18. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 18: Change in albuminuria
6.19
6.19. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 19: Vascular access thrombosis
6.20
6.20. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 20: Graft loss
6.21
6.21. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 21: Delayed graft function
6.22
6.22. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 22: Malignancy
6.23
6.23. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 23: Major bleeding
6.24
6.24. Analysis
Comparison 6: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: low risk of bias, Outcome 24: Infection
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 1: Cardiovascular death
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 2: Death (any cause)
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 3: Cardiovascular disease
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 4: Coronary heart disease
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 5: Heart failure
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 6: Cerebrovascular disease
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 7: Peripheral vascular disease
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 8: Kidney failure
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 9: eGFR at end of study
7.10
7.10. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 10: Change in eGFR
7.11
7.11. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 11: Serum creatinine at end of study
7.12
7.12. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 12: Change in serum creatinine
7.13
7.13. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 13: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at end of study
7.14
7.14. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 14: Change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio
7.15
7.15. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 15: Proteinuria at end of study
7.16
7.16. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 16: Change in proteinuria
7.17
7.17. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 17: Albuminuria at end of study
7.18
7.18. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 18: Change in albuminuria
7.19
7.19. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 19: Vascular access thrombosis
7.20
7.20. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 20: Graft loss
7.21
7.21. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 21: Graft failure
7.22
7.22. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 22: Delayed graft function
7.23
7.23. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 23: Malignancy
7.24
7.24. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 24: Major bleeding
7.25
7.25. Analysis
Comparison 7: Antioxidants versus placebo or standard therapy: follow‐up for 6 months or more, Outcome 25: Infection
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Atapour 2022 {published data only}
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Bansal 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bansal S, Hu SL, Lee S, Debnath S, Cunningham SE, Velagapudi C. Effect of addition of silybin and N-acetylcysteine to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: TH-PO511]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):232. [EMBASE: 633697591]
    1. Bhattarai M, Gandhi J, Velagapudi C, Lee S, Cunningham SE, Debnath S, et al. Effect of dietary sodium and phosphorus intake on fibroblast growth factor-23 in patients with diabetic nephropathy [abstract no: FR-PO269]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):469. [EMBASE: 633699491]
    1. Gandhi J, Bhattarai M, Debnath S, Cunningham SE, Lee S, Velegapudi C, et al. Sodium intake does not modify the effect of silybin and N-AC on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy [abstract no: PUB242]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):1026-7. [EMBASE: 633701085]
BEACON 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chertow GM, Akizawa T, Audhya P, Bakris GL, Chin M, Christ-Schmidt H, et al. The effect of bardoxolone methyl in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease [abstract no: HI-OR02]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2013;24(Abstract Suppl):1B.
    1. Chertow GM, Appel GB, Block GA, Chin MP, Coyne DW, Goldsberry A, et al. Effects of bardoxolone methyl on body weight, waist circumference and glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease. Journal of Diabetes & its Complications 2018;32(12):1113-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chin MP, Bakris GL, Block GA, Chertow GM, Goldsberry A, Inker LA, et al. Bardoxolone methyl improves kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 4 and type 2 diabetes: post-hoc analyses from bardoxolone methyl evaluation in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes study. American Journal of Nephrology 2018;47(1):40-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chin MP, Reisman SA, Bakris GL, O'Grady M, Linde PG, McCullough PA, et al. Mechanisms contributing to adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease treated with bardoxolone methyl. American Journal of Nephrology 2014;39(6):499-508. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chin MP, Wrolstad D, Bakris GL, Chertow GM, Zeeuw D, Goldsberry A, et al. Risk factors for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease treated with bardoxolone methyl. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2014;20(12):953-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
BEAM 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chin M, Goldsberry A, Hebbar S, Meyer C, Audhya P, Toto R, et al. Bardoxolone methyl acutely reduces serum magnesium in stage 3B and 4 CKD patients with type 2 diabetes without any adverse effect on QT interval [abstract no: FO025]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii12. [EMBASE: 70766563]
    1. Pergola P, Chin M, Goldsberry A, Hebbar S, Meyer C, Audhya P. Weight loss in obese, stage 3B and 4 CKD patients with type 2 diabetes given bardoxolone methyl [abstract no: FO026]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii12. [EMBASE: 70766564]
    1. Pergola PE, Raskin P, Toto RD, Meyer CJ, Huff JW, Grossman EB, et al. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;365(4):327-36. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Pergola PE, Raskin P, Toto RD, Meyer CJ, Huff JW, Grossman EB, et al. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;365(4):327-36. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Rossing P, Block G, Chertow G, Chin M, Goldsberry A, McCullough P, et al. Effect of bardoxolone methyl treatment on urinary albumin in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease-post-hoc analysis from BEAM and BEACON [abstract no: FP152]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2018;33(Suppl 1):i27. [EMBASE: 622605449]
Bejaoui 2022 {published data only}
    1. Bejaoui W, Mahmoudi M, Charradi K, Abbes-Belhadj M, Boukhalfa H, Ben-Attia M, et al. Preventive and healing effect of high dosing grape seed flour on CKD patients of various stages and etiologies. Biomarkers 2022;27(8):795-801. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750X.2022.2125580] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Biniaz 2014 {published data only}
    1. Biniaz V, Sadeghi SM, Ebadi A, Tayebi A, Einollahi B. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on C-reactive protein levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Nephrourology Monthly 2014;6(1):e13351. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Biniaz V, Tayebi A, Ebadi A, Sadeghi SM, Einollahi B. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2014;8(5):401-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Ersoy A. Re: Effect of Vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2014;8(6):492-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Blackhall 2005 {published data only}
    1. Blackhall ML, Fassett RG, Sharman JE, Geraghty DP, Coombes JS. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on blood cyclosporin A and glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(9):1970-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Fassett RG, Blackhall ML, Coombes JS. Antioxidant supplementation, cyclosporine and glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients [abstract no: F-PO1075]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):300A. [CENTRAL: CN-00601906]
Borges 2016 {published data only}
    1. Borges C, Papadimitriou A, Duarte DA, Lopes De Faria JM, Lopes De Faria JB. The use of green tea polyphenols for treating residual albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy: a double-blind randomised clinical trial [abstract no: 1011]. Diabetologia 2016;59(1 Suppl 1):S485. [EMBASE: 612313384] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Borges CM, Papadimitriou A, Duarte DA, Lopes de Faria JM, Lopes de Faria JB. The use of green tea polyphenols for treating residual albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy: a double-blind randomised clinical trial. Scientific Reports 2016;6:28282. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
CoQ10 Biomarker 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rivara MB, Yeung CK, Robinson-Cohen C, Phillips BR, Ruzinski J, Rock D, et al. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on biomarkers of oxidative stress and cardiac function in hemodialysis patients: the CoQ10 Biomarker Trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2017;69(3):389-99. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Danilovic 2011 {published data only}
    1. Danilovic A, Lucon AM, Srougi M, Shimizu MH, Ianhez LE, Nahas WC, et al. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on early outcomes of deceased renal transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 2011;43(5):1443-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Demir 2006a {published data only}
    1. Demir E, Paydas S, Balal M, Erken U. Effects of pentoxifylline on the cytokines that may play a role in rejection and resistive index in renal transplant recipients [abstract no: P369]. Transplant International 2007;20(Suppl 2):183. [CENTRAL: CN-00756489] - PubMed
    1. Demir E, Paydas S, Balal M, Kurt C, Sertdemir Y, Erken U. Effects of pentoxifylline on the cytokines that may play a role in rejection and resistive index in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 2006;38(9):2883-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
DeVault 1994 {published data only}
    1. DeVault GA Jr, Kohan DE, Nelson EW, Holman JM Jr. The effects of oral pentoxifylline on the cytokine release syndrome during inductive OKT3. Transplantation 1994;57(4):532-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Firuzi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Firuzi O, Khajehrezaei S, Ezzatzadegan S, Nejati M, Jahanshahi KA, Roozbeh J. Effects of silymarin on biochemical and oxidative stress markers in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis International 2016;20(4):558-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Friedman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Friedman AN, Bostom AG, Laliberty P, Selhub J, Shemin D. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on plasma total homocysteine levels in hemodialysis: a randomized, controlled study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;41(2):442-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gholipour Baradari 2011 {published data only}
    1. Baradari AG, Zeydi AE, Khademloo M, Naghshvar F, Baladehi MR, Espahbodi F. The effect of intravenous vitamin C on the level of CRP in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2011;20(80):54-61. [EMBASE: 362246231]
    1. Gholipour Baradari A, Emami Zeydi A, Espahbodi F, Aarabi M. The effect of intravenous vitamin C on the phosphorus level reduction in hemodialysis patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Medicinski Glasnik Ljekarske Komore Zenickodobojskog Kantona 2012;9(1):37-41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Giliberti 2022 {published data only}
    1. Giliberti A, Curcio A, Marchitto N, Di Lullo L, Paolozzi F, Nano F, et al. Comparison of ferric sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate, and selenomethionine as therapeutic option for chronic kidney disease patients with improvement in inflammatory status. Nutrients 2022;14(10):2116. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Goicoechea 2012 {published data only}
    1. Goicoechea M, Garcia de Vinuesa S, Quiroga B, Verdalles U, Barraca D, Yuste C, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on inflammatory parameters in chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized trial. Journal of Nephrology 2012;25(6):969-75. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Morales AM, Goicoechea M, Verde E, Carbayo J, Barbieri D, Delgado A, et al. Pentoxifylline, progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular mortality: long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Nephrology 2019;32(4):581-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gonzalez‐Espinoza 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez-Espinoza L, Medina M, Gomez-Navarro B, Cueto-Manzano A. Pentoxifylline decreases C-reactive protein in hemodialysis: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial [abstract no: TH-FC014]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):4A. [CENTRAL: CN-00757479]
    1. Gonzalez-Espinoza L, Rojas-Campos E, Medina-Perez M, Pena-Quintero P, Gomez-Navarro B, Cueto-Manzano AM. Pentoxifylline decreases serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(5):2023-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Guo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Guo CH, Wang CL. Effects of zinc supplementation on plasma copper/zinc ratios, oxidative stress, and immunological status in hemodialysis patients. International Journal of Medical Sciences 2013;10(1):79-89. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Haddadian‐Khouzani 2022 {published data only}
    1. Haddadian-Khouzani S, Shahidi S, Askari G, Clark CC, Rouhani MH. The efficacy and safety of zinc gluconate supplementation on quality of life, sleep quality, and serum albumin in hemodialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2022;55:102183. [EMBASE: 2020007614]
Hajian 2022 {published data only}
    1. Hajian S, Taheri M, Mohammadi N. The effect of intravenous vitamin C on ferritin levels in patients hemodialysis patients, a clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2022;1(1):6‐12. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hajji 2021 {published data only}
    1. Hajji M, Khedher R, Mrad M, Bassem HM, Rafrafi N, Chouchi S, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on serum copper to zinc and CRP to albumin ratios in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Medical Biochemistry 2021;40(2):193-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
HERO 2008 {published data only}
    1. Badve SV, Zhang L, Coombes JS, Pascoe EM, Cass A, Clarke P, et al. Association between serum alkaline phosphatase and primary resistance to erythropoiesis stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease: a secondary analysis of the HERO trial. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health & Disease 2015;2(1):33. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Badve SV. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of oxpentifylline on erythropoiesis stimulating agent resistance in anemic patients with chronic kidney disease: the HERO trial [abstract no: SA-PO1087]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2013;20(Abstract Suppl):5b.
    1. Gummer J, Trengove R, Pascoe EM, Badve SV, Cass A, Clarke P, et al. Association between serum hepcidin-25 and primary resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease: a secondary analysis of the HERO trial. Nephrology 2017;22(7):548-54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Johnson DW, Hawley CM, Rosser B, Beller E, Thompson C, Fassett RG, et al. Oxpentifylline versus placebo in the treatment of erythropoietin-resistant anaemia: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2008;9:8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johnson DW, Pascoe EM, Badve SV, Dalziel K, Cass A, Clarke P, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pentoxifylline on erythropoiesis-stimulating agent hyporesponsiveness in anemic patients with CKD: the Handling Erythropoietin Resistance With Oxpentifylline (HERO) Trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2015;65(1):49-57. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Himmelfarb 2007 {published data only}
    1. Himmelfarb J, Phinney S, Ikizler TA, Kane J, McMonagle E, Miller G. Gamma-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid decrease inflammation in dialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2007;17(5):296-304. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
HOPE 1996 {published data only}
    1. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators [Erratum in: Lancet 2000 Sep 2;356(9232):860]. Lancet 2000;355(9200):253-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Pogue J, Taylor DW, Zinman B, Yusuf S. Rationale and design of a large study to evaluate the renal and cardiovascular effects of an ACE inhibitor and vitamin E in high-risk patients with diabetes. The MICRO-HOPE Study. Microalbuminuria, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1225-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Mann JF, Lonn E, Dagenais GR, McQueen M, et al. The relationship between dysglycaemia and cardiovascular and renal risk in diabetic and non-diabetic participants in the HOPE study: a prospective epidemiological analysis. Diabetologia 2005;48(9):1749-55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Gerstein HC. Diabetes and the HOPE study: implications for macrovascular and microvascular disease. International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement 2001;(117):8-12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hoogwerf BJ, Young JB. The HOPE study. Ramipril lowered cardiovascular risk, but vitamin E did not. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2000;67(4):287-93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hosseini 2021 {published data only}
    1. Hosseini R, Montazerifar F, Shahraki E, Karajibani M, Mokhtari AM, Dashipour AR, et al. The effects of zinc sulfate supplementation on serum copeptin, c-reactive protein and metabolic markers in zinc-deficient diabetic patients on hemodialysis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Biological Trace Element Research 2022;200(1):78-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jern 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chevalier CA, Liepa G, Murphy MD, Suneson J, Vanbeber AD, Gorman MA, et al. The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and cholesterol concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2002;12(3):183-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Jern NA, VanBeber AD, Gorman MA, Weber CG, Liepa GU, Cochran CC. The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc concentration and protein catabolic rate in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2000;10(3):148-53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jimenez‐Osorio 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jimenez-Osorio AS, Garcia-Nino WR, Gonzalez-Reyes S, Alvarez-Mejia AE, Guerra-Leon S, Salazar-Segovia J, et al. The effect of dietary supplementation with curcumin on redox status and Nrf2 activation in patients with nondiabetic or diabetic proteinuric chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2016;26(4):237-44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Salazar J, Tapia E, Vazquez-Rangel A, Sanchez-lozada LG, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Reyes SG, et al. Effect of oral supplementation with curcumin in patients with proteinuric chronic kidney disease [abstract no: TH-PO635]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2014;25(Abstract Suppl):252A.
Khabbazi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Khabbazi T, Mahdavi R, Safa J, Pour-Abdollahi P. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and serum lipid profile levels in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2012;22(2):244-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Mahdavi R, Khabbazi T, Safa J. Alpha lipoic acid supplementation improved antioxidant enzyme activities in hemodialysis patients. International Journal for Vitamin & Nutrition Research 2019;89(3-4):161-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Konigsrainer 1995 {published data only}
    1. Konigsrainer A, Aichberger C, Riedmann B, Steurer W, Ofner D, Margreiter R. Pentoxifylline as an adjunct to cyclosporine-based immunosuppression does not improve the outcome of renal transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 1995;27(1):1062-3. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lin S, Chen Y, Chiang W, Wu K, Tsai T. Add-on pentoxifylline attenuated residual proteinuria in patients of moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease receiving maximized losartan treatment [abstract no: F-FC090]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):56A. [CENTRAL: CN-00653766]
    1. Lin Sl, Chen YM, Chiang WC, Wu KD, Tsai TJ. Effect of pentoxifylline in addition to losartan on proteinuria and GFR in CKD: a 12-month randomized trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;52(3):464-74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lu L, Erhard P, Salomon RG, Weiss MF. Serum vitamin E and oxidative protein modification in hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2007;50(2):305-13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Martinez 2020 {published data only}
    1. Martinez AP, Cheng Y, Gindl-Bracho A, Cabrera-Jara A, Yepez AKF Hernandez MF, et al. Effect of oral supplementation with curcumin in diabetic subjects with proteinuric kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: PO1023]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2020;31(Abstract Suppl):351. [EMBASE: 633703171]
Modarresi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Modarresi A, Ziaie S, Salamzadeh J, Sahraei Z, Nafar M, Panahi Y, et al. Study of the effects of n-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress status of patients on maintenance-hemodialysis undergoing cadaveric kidney transplantation. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2017;16(4):1631-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Modarresi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Modarresi A, Nafar M, Sahraei Z, Salamzadeh J, Chaibakhsh S, Ziaie S, et al. N-acetylcysteine decreases urinary level of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in deceased-donor renal transplant recipients: a randomized clinical trial. Biomarkers 2018;23(6):589-96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Modarresi A, Nafar M, Sahraei Z, Salamzadeh J, Ziaie S. Early graft function in deceased donor renal recipients: role of n-acetylcysteine. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2020;19(1):57-67. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Moist 2010 {published data only}
    1. Moist L, Sontrop JM, Gallo K, Mainra R, Cutler M, Freeman D, et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on serum creatinine and kidney function: results of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;56(4):643-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Moreillon 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moreillon JJ, Bowden RG, Deike E, Griggs J, Wilson R, Shelmadine B, et al. The use of an anti-inflammatory supplement in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Complementary & Integrative Medicine 2013;10(1):143-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Shelmadine BD, Bowden RG, Moreillon JJ, Cooke MB, Yang P, Deike E, et al. A pilot study to examine the effects of an anti-inflammatory supplement on eicosanoid derivatives in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2017;23(8):632-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mori 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barden A, O'Callaghan N, Burke V, Mas E, Beilin LJ, Fenech M, et al. n-3 fatty acid supplementation and leukocyte telomere length in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutrients 2016;8(3):175. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barden AE, Burke V, Mas E, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB, Watts GF, et al. n-3 fatty acids reduce plasma 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Hypertension 2015;33(9):1947-53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Barden AE, Shinde S, Burke V, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Irish AB, et al. The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney disease. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 2018;136:1-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hoile SP, Clarke-Harris R, Huang RC, Calder PC, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, et al. Supplementation with N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids or olive oil in men and women with renal disease induces differential changes in the DNA methylation of FADS2 and ELOVL5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2014;9(10):e109896. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mas E, Barden A, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Watts GF, Huang RC, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on resolvins in chronic kidney disease. Clinical Nutrition 2016;35(2):331-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Navarro 1999 {published data only}
    1. Navarro JF, Macia M, Mora C, Garcia-Nieto VG, Chahin J, Gallego E, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on hemotologic status in anemic patients with advanced renal failure [abstract no: PS204]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(9):1493. [CENTRAL: CN-00653778]
    1. Navarro JF, Mora C, Garcia J, Rivero A, Macia M, Gallego E, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on the haematologic status in anaemic patients with advanced renal failure. Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology 1999;33(2):121-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Navarro 1999a {published data only}
    1. Navarro JF, Mora C, Gallego E, Chahin J, Macia M, Mendez M, et al. Pentoxifylline (PTF) reduces proteinuria and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa) in diabetic patients with advanced renal failure [abstract no: A0619]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(Program & Abstracts):120A. [CENTRAL: CN-00446914]
    1. Navarro JF, Mora C, Rivero A, Gallego E, Chahin J, Macia M, et al. Urinary protein excretion and serum tumor necrosis factor in diabetic patients with advanced renal failure: effects of pentoxifylline administration. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1999;33(3):458-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Navarro JF, Mora C. Antiproteinuric effect of pentoxifylline in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1999;22(6):1006-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NICE 2020 {published data only}
    1. Chen J, Hamm LL, Bundy JD, Kumbala DR, Bodana S, Chandra S, et al. Combination treatment with sodium nitrite and isoquercetin on endothelial dysfunction among patients with CKD: a randomized phase 2 pilot trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2020;15(11):1566-75. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chen J, Hamm LL, Bundy JD, Kumbala DR, Bodana S, Chen CS, et al. Nitrite, isoquercetin, and endothelial dysfunction trial (NICE trial): design and preliminary data [abstract no: SA-PO912]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):1001. [EMBASE: 633768945]
Noel 1997 {published data only}
    1. Noel C, Copin MC, Hazzan M, Labalette M, Susen S, Lelievre G, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of pentoxifylline during human allograft rejection: involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and adhesion molecules. Transplantation 2000;69(6):1102-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Noel C, Hazzan M, Coppin MC, Codaccioni MX, Pruvot FR, Labalette M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of pentoxifylline for the prevention of delayed graft function in cadaveric kidney graft. Clinical Transplantation 1997;11(3):169-73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Noel C, Hazzan M, Labalette M, Coppin MC, Jude B, Dessaint JP, et al. Improvement in the outcome of rejection with pentoxifylline in renal transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. Transplantation 1998;65(3):385-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Susen S, Hazzan M, Labalette M, Zawadzki C, Dessaint JP, Lelievre G, et al. Pentoxifylline prevents upregulation of monocyte tissue factor in renal transplant recipients undergoing post-graft complications. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 2000;84(5):764-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Norio 2003 {published data only}
    1. Norio K, Wikstrom M, Salmela K, Kyllonen L, Lindgren L. Ascorbic acid against reperfusion injury in human renal transplantation. Transplant International 2003;16(8):578-83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Okamoto 2020 {published data only}
    1. Okamoto T, Hatakeyama S, Konishi S, Okita K, Tanaka Y, Imanishi K, et al. Comparison of zinc acetate hydrate and polaprezinc for zinc deficiency in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a single-center, open-label, prospective randomized study. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2020;24(5):568-77. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Oko 1999 {published data only}
    1. Oko A, Wlodarczyk Z, Idasiak-Plechocka I, Glyda M, Czekalski S. The incidence of delayed graft function in cadaveric kidney recipients treated with pentoxifylline [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(9):A303. [CENTRAL: CN-00484455] - PubMed
Omar 2022 {published data only}
    1. Omar S, El Borolossy RM, Elsaid T, Sabri NA. Evaluation of the combination effect of rutin and vitamin C supplementation on the oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022;13:961590. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Orban 2015 {published data only}
    1. Orban JC, Quintard H, Cassuto E, Jambou P, Samat-Long C, Ichai C. Effect of n-acetylcysteine pretreatment of deceased organ donors on renal allograft function: a randomized controlled trial. Transplantation 2015;99(4):746-53. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Paniagua 1995 {published data only}
    1. Paniagua R, Claure R, Amato D, Flores E, Perez A, Exaire E. Effects of oral administration of zinc and diiodohydroxyquinolein on plasma zinc levels of uremic patients. Nephron 1995;69(2):147-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PATH 2014 {published data only}
    1. Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA, Ellis C, Wu P, Shintani A, Dalal S, et al. Provision of Antioxidant Therapy in Hemodialysis (PATH): a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2014;25(3):623-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rivara MB, Ikizler TA, Ellis CD, Mehrotra R, Himmelfarb J. Association of plasma F2-isoprostanes and isofurans concentrations with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent resistance in maintenance hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrology 2015;16:79. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pergola 2009a {published data only}
    1. Bardoxolone methyl (BARD) improves kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [abstract no: Su315]. Pergola P, Schwartz S, Hurwitz C, Grossman E, Meyer C. NDT Plus 2010;3(Suppl 3):iii414. [EMBASE: 70484535]
    1. Pergola P, Schwartz S, Denham D, Supko J, Ruiz S, Hurwitz C, et al. Bardoxolone methyl improves renal function in patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus [abstract no: M317]. In: World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
    1. Pergola P, Schwartz S, Hurwitz C, Meyer C. Bardoxolone methyl (BARD) improves kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [Abstract no: F-PO1356]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):423A.
Perkins 2009 {published data only}
    1. Perkins RM, Aboudara MC, Uy AL, Olson SW, Cushner HM, Yuan CM. Effect of pentoxifylline on GFR decline in CKD: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2009;53(4):606-16. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Perkins RM, Aboudara MC, Uy AL, Olson SW, Cushner HM, Yuan CM. Pentoxifylline in patients with progressive chronic kidney disease: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [abstract no: F-FC203]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):46A. [CENTRAL: CN-00757480]
Pollak 1993 {published data only}
    1. Pollak R, Andrisevic JH, Maddux MS, Gruber SA, Paller MS. A randomized double-blind trial of the use of human recombinant superoxide dismutase in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1993;55(1):57-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PREDIAN 2011 {published data only}
    1. Navarro JF, Mora C, Muros M, Rivero A, Castillo N, Garcia J. Pentoxifylline for renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy: the PREDIAN study [abstract no: SA-PO2497]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):684A.
    1. Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Mora-Fernandez C, Muros de Fuentes M, Chahin J, Mendez Ml, Gallego E, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN Trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2015;26(1):220-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Muros M, Mora-Fernandez C, Herrera H, Meneses B, Garcia J. Pentoxifylline for renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy: the PREDIAN study. Rationale and basal results. Journal of Diabetes & its Complications 2011;25(5):314-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Sanchez-Nino MD, Donate-Correa J, Martin-Nunez E, Ferri C, Perez-Delgado N, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on soluble klotho concentrations and renal tubular cell expression in diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Care 2018;41(8):1817-20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rabizadeh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rabizadeh S, Dehghani Firouzabadi F, Noshad S, Esteghamati S, Afarideh M, Ghajar A, et al. Beneficial effects of pentoxifylline plus losartan dual therapy in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2018;355(5):442-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rabl 1993 {published data only}
    1. Rabl H, Khoschsorur G, Colombo T, Petritsch P, Rauchenwald M, Költringer P, et al. A multivitamin infusion prevents lipid peroxidation and improves transplantation performance. Kidney International 1993;43(4):912-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rassaf 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rassaf T, Rammos C, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Heiss C, Kleophas W, Dellanna F, et al. Vasculoprotective effects of dietary cocoa flavanols in patients on hemodialysis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2016;11(1):108-18. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Rivara 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rivara MB, Mehrotra R, Linke L, Ruzinski J, Ikizler TA, Himmelfarb J. A pilot randomized crossover trial assessing the safety and short-term effects of pomegranate supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2015;25(1):40-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Roozbeh 2009 {published data only}
    1. Roozbeh J, Hedayati P, Sagheb MM, Sharifian M, Hamidian Jahromi A, Shaabani S, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels in zinc-deficient hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure 2009;31(9):798-801. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Roozbeh J, Yavari V, Pakfetrat M, Zolghadr AA. Effects of zinc supplementation on plasma homocysteine level in ESRD patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial [abstract no: SP154]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i126. [EMBASE: 71075355]
Sahraei 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sahraei Z, Salamzadeh J, Nafar M. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin C on kidney allograft function biomarkers interleukin-18 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2015;9(1):56-62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Salehi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ekramzadeh M, Sohrabi Z, Salehi M, Fallahzadeh MK, Ayatollahi M, Geramizadeh B, et al. Selenium supplementation improves nutritional status in hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [abstract no: FP667]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii296. [EMBASE: 70766163] - PubMed
    1. Salehi M, Sohrabi Z, Ekramzadeh M, Fallahzadeh MK, Ayatollahi M, Geramizadeh B, et al. Selenium supplementation improves the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(3):716-23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schneeberger 1990 {published data only}
    1. Abendroth D, Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Illner WD, Land W. Status of treatment with free radical scavengers following kidney and pancreas transplantation [Stellenwert der behandlung mit radikalfangern nach nieren- und pankreastransplantation]. Zentralblatt für Chirurgie 1992;117(9):502-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Land W, Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Illner WD, Abendroth D, Rutili G, et al. The beneficial effect of human recombinant superoxide dismutase on acute and chronic rejection events in recipients of cadaveric renal transplants. Transplantation 1994;57(2):211-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Schneeberger H, Aydemir S, Illner WD, Land W. Nonspecific primary ischemia/reperfusion injury in combination with secondary specific acute rejection-mediated injury of human kidney allografts contributes mainly to development of chronic transplant failure. Transplantation Proceedings 1997;29(1-2):948-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Illner WD, Messmer K, Land W. The impact of free radical-mediated reperfusion injury on acute and chronic rejection events following cadaveric renal transplantation. Clinical Transplants 1993:219-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Schilling M, Illner WD, Abendroth D, Hancke E, et al. Prevention of acute renal failure after kidney transplantation by treatment with rh-SOD: interim analysis of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Transplantation Proceedings 1990;22(5):2224-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schramm 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lopau K, Schramm L, Winderl S, Heidbreder E, Wanner C. Long-term results of perioperative l-arginine-infusion in kidney transplantation (KTX) [abstract no: 3191]. In: XIXth International Congress of the Transplantation Society; 2002 Aug 25-30; Miami (FL). 2002. [CENTRAL: CN-00416181]
    1. Schramm L, La M, Heidbreder E, Hecker M, Beckman J S, Lopau K, et al. L-arginine deficiency and supplementation in experimental acute renal failure and in human kidney transplantation. Kidney International 2002;61(4):1423-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sengupta 2022 {published data only}
    1. Sengupta P, Biswas S, Roy T. Comparative study to evaluate the effect of low-protein diet supplementation with taurine and n-acetylcysteine, n-acetylcysteine and pyridoxamine dihydrochloride in preventing the progression of chronic renal failure in patients with non-diabetic kidney disease. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2022;70(5):11‐2. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Shema‐Didi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kristal B, Shema-Didi L, Sela S, Geron R, Ore L. The effects of polyphenols on oxidative stress and inflammation of hemodialysis patients [abstract no: F-PO1462]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):447A.
    1. Sela S, Shema-Didi L, Geron R, Ore L, Kristal B. The beneficial effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) intake on oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory state of hemodialysis patients (HD) [abstract no: 420]. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2009;47(Suppl 1):S154. [EMBASE: 70077680]
    1. Shema L, Ore L, Sela S, Geron R, Shapiro G, Kristal B. Pomegranate juice intake attenuates traditional cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients: a randomized placebo controlled trial [abstract no: FR-PO1660]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):499A.
    1. Shema-Didi L, Kristal B, Ore L, Shapiro G, Geron R, Sela S. Pomegranate juice intake attenuates the increase in oxidative stress induced by intravenous iron during hemodialysis. Nutrition Research 2013;33(6):442-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Shema-Didi L, Kristal B, Sela S, Geron R, Ore L. Does pomegranate intake attenuate cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients? Nutrition Journal 2014;13:18. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shojaei 2011 {published data only}
    1. Shojaei M, Djalali M, Khatami M, Siassi F, Eshraghian M. Effects of carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on lipid profile and serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in maintenance hemodialysis patients on statin therapy. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2011;5(2):114-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shoskes 2005 {published data only}
    1. Shoskes D, Lapierre C, Cruz-Correa M, Muruve N, Rosario R, Fromkin B, et al. Beneficial effects of the bioflavonoids curcumin and quercetin on early function in cadaveric renal transplantation: a randomized placebo controlled trial [Erratum in: Transplantation. 2006 Sep 15;82(5):715 Note: Cruz-Corerra, Marcia [corrected to Cruz-Correa, Marcia]]. Transplantation 2005;80(11):1556-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Silveira 2019 {published data only}
    1. Silveira MA, Teles F, Berretta AA, Sanches TR, Rodrigues CE, Seguro AC, et al. Effects of Brazilian green propolis on proteinuria and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2019;20(1):140. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Silveira MD, Farias Filho FT, Berretta A, Rodrigues CE, Sanches TR, Seguro AC, et al. Effects of Brazilian green propolis extract on proteinuria in CKD patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [abstract no: FR-PO239]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2018;29(Abstract Suppl):481. [EMBASE: 633736378]
Singer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Singer R. Vitamin C supplementation in kidney failure: effect on uraemic symptoms [abstract no: 066]. Nephrology 2010;15(Suppl 4):44. [EMBASE: 70467070] - PubMed
    1. Singer RF. Vitamin C supplementation in kidney failure: effect on uraemic symptoms. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2011;26(2):614-20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Singh 2000 {published data only}
    1. Singh RB, Khanna HK, Niaz MA. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in chronic renal failure: discovery of a new role. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 2000;10(4):281-8. [EMBASE: 32059819]
Soliman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Soliman M, Magdy F, Soliman A, Sadek K. Protective effect of n-acetylcysteine on early graft outcomes after living kidney transplantation in patients older than 60 years: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial [abstract no: D2482]. Transplantation 2014;98(Suppl 1):631. [EMBASE: 71545672]
Song 2006a {published data only}
    1. Song JH, Lee SW, Lee SW, Kwon SH, Uhm WH, Kim MJ. Effects of antioxidant treatment with alpha-lipoic acid combined with angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) on inflammation, endothelial cell damage, and renal function in diabetic nephropathy [abstract no: TH-PO238]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):157A.
SPACE 2000 {published data only}
    1. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T, Matas Z, Gafter U, Iaina A, et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2000;356(9237):1213-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Boaz M, Weinstein T, Matas Z, Gafter U, Iaina A, Knecht A, et al. Secondary prevention using antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease: SPACE [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(9):A111. [CENTRAL: CN-00460415] - PubMed
    1. Boaz M, Weinstein T, Smetana S, Gafter U, Fainaru M, Green M. Peripheral vascular disease and serum phosphorus in hemodialysis: a nested case-control study [abstract no: T251]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):258-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00509093] - PubMed
Tan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Koay YY, Tan GC, Phang SC, Ho JI, Chuar PF, Ho LS, et al. A phase IIb randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E on diabetic kidney disease. Nutrients 2021;13(1):258. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tan GC, Tan SM, Phang SC, Ng YT, Ng EY, Ahmad B, et al. Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E improves diabetic nephropathy and persists 6-9 months after washout: a phase IIa randomized controlled trial. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2019;10:2042018819895462. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tepel 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tepel M, Giet M, Statz M, Jankowski J, Zidek W. The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2003;107(7):992-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Thaha 2009 {published data only}
    1. Thaha M, Mohani CI, Yogiantoro HM, Tomino Y. Oral n-acetyl cysteine to treat non-diabetic chronic kidney disease stage 1-4 with albuminuria [abstract no: SA-PO2242]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2009;20:622A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740560]
Tonelli 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Thompson S, Kinniburgh D, Klarenbach SW, Walsh M, et al. Trace element supplementation in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2015;16(1):52. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
TSUBAKI 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nangaku M, Shimazaki R, Akizawa T. Bardoxolone methyl improved GFR measured by standard inulin clearance: the TSUBAKI study [abstract no: SA-OR122]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):B1. [EMBASE: 633704441]
    1. Nangaku M. Randomized clinical trial on the effect of bardoxolone methyl on GFR in diabetic kidney disease patients (TSUBAKI study). KI Reports 2020;5(6):879-90. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Turki 2016 {published data only}
    1. Turki K, Charradi K, Boukhalfa H, Belhaj M, Limam F, Aouani E. Grape seed powder improves renal failure of chronic kidney disease patients. EXCLI Journal 2016;15:424-33. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Vafadar Afshar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Vafadar Afshar G, Rasmi Y, Yaghmaei P, Khadem-Ansari MH, Makhdomii K, Rasooli J. The effects of nano-curcumin supplementation on serum level of hs-CRP, adhesion molecules, and lipid profiles in hemodialysis patients, a randomized controlled clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2020;14(1):52-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Vafadar-Afshar G, Rasmi Y, Yaghmaei P, Khadem-Ansari MH, Makhdoomi K, Rasouli J. The effects of nanocurcumin supplementation on inflammation in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Hemodialysis International 2021;25(2):232-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vincenti 1996 {published data only}
    1. Vincenti F, Danovitch GM, Gaston R, Neylan J, Steiner R. Pentoxyfylline does not prevent cytokine induced first dose reactions following therapy of acute renal transplant rejection with OKT3 [abstract]. In: 14th Annual Meeting. American Society of Transplant Physicians (ASTP); 1995 May 14-17; Chicago (ILL). 1995.
    1. Vincenti F, Danovitch GM, Neylan JF, Steiner RW, Everson MP, Gaston RS. Pentoxifylline does not prevent the cytokine-induced first dose reaction following OKT3--a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Transplantation 1996;61(4):573-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Voroneanu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Voroneanu L, Siriopol D, Dumea R, Badarau S, Kanbay M, Afsar B, et al. Addition of silymarin to renin-angiotensin system blockers in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and proteinuria: a prospective randomized trial. International Urology & Nephrology 2017;49(12):2195-204. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wlodarczyk 2000 {published data only}
    1. Wlodarczyk Z, Oko A, Glyda M, Karczewski M, Idasiak-Piechocka I, Czekalski S. Effects of pentoxifylline treatment on delayed graft function in cadaveric kidney recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 2000;32(6):1382-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
XANTHIN 2008 {published data only}
    1. Coombes JS, Sharman JE, Fassett RG. Astaxanthin has no effect on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress, or inflammation in renal transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial (the XANTHIN trial). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;103(1):283-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Fassett RG, Healy H, Driver R, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Sharman JE, et al. Astaxanthin vs placebo on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress and inflammation in renal transplant patients (Xanthin): a randomised controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2008;9:17. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Xu X, Lu Q, Wu J, Li Y, Sun J. Impact of extended ginsenoside Rb1 on early chronic kidney disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Inflammopharmacology 2017;25(1):33-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yan 2017a {published data only}
    1. Yan W, Wang L, Huang T, Xu G. Treatment for non-thyroidal illness syndrome in advanced chronic kidney disease: a single-blind controlled study. Journal of Nephrology 2017;30(4):557-65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yang 2019a {published data only}
    1. Yang CW, Wu CC, Luo CM, Chuang SY, Chen CH, Shen YF, et al. A randomized feasibility study of the effect of ascorbic acid on post-angioplasty restenosis of hemodialysis vascular access (NCT03524846). Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):11095. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zachara 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zachara BA, Gromadzinska J, Zbrog Z, Swiech R, Wasowicz W, Twardowska E, et al. Selenium supplementation to chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis does not induce the synthesis of plasma glutathione peroxidase. Acta Biochimica Polonica 2009;56(1):183-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abdollahzad 2009 {published data only}
    1. Abdollahzad H, Eghtesadi S, Nourmohammadi I, Khadem-Ansari M, Nejad-Gashti H, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and lipid profiles in hemodialysis patients. International Journal for Vitamin & Nutrition Research 2009;79(5-6):281-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Agarwal 2004a {published data only}
    1. Agarwal R, Vasavada N, Sachs NG, Chase S. Oxidative stress and renal injury with intravenous iron in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney International 2004;65(6):2279-89. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Agarwal R. Proinflammatory effects of iron sucrose in chronic kidney disease. Kidney International 2006;69(7):1259-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Aghadavod 2018 {published data only}
    1. Aghadavod E, Soleimani A, Hamidi G, Keneshlou F, Heidari A, Asemi Z. High-dose vitamin E supplementation on markers of cardiometabolic risk and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2018;12(3):156-62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ahmadi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ahmadi A, Mazooji N, Roozbeh J, Mazloom Z, Hasanzade J. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, and malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2013;7(6):461-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ali 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ali Z, Idham C, Effendi I. The effect of n-acetylcysteine on homocysteine level in chronic hemodialysis patients: randomized control trial [abstract no: P30]. Nephrology 2003;8(Suppl 3):A62. [CENTRAL: CN-00671778]
Ali 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ali MM, Abd ElMoniem Behairy M, El Sharabasy RM, Gharib AH. Effects of oral vitamin C on hepcidin levels and erythropoietin requirements in functional iron deficiency anemia among hemodialysis patients [abstract]. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 2021;114(Suppl 1):i161. [EMBASE: 636515455]
Alvarenga 2020 {published data only}
    1. Alvarenga L, Cardozo L, Da Cruz BO, Paiva BR, Fouque D, Mafra D. Curcumin supplementation improves oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. International Urology & Nephrology 2022;54(10):2645‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Alvarenga L, Salarolli R, Cardozo LF, Santos RS, Brito JS, Kemp JA, et al. Impact of curcumin supplementation on expression of inflammatory transcription factors in hemodialysis patients: a pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Clinical Nutrition 2020;39(12):3594-600. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Salarolli RT, Alvarenga L, Cardozo LF, Teixeira KT, S G Moreira L, Lima JD, et al. Can curcumin supplementation reduce plasma levels of gut-derived uremic toxins in hemodialysis patients? A pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled study. International Urology & Nephrology 2021;53(6):1231-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Alvarenga 2022 {published data only}
    1. Alvarenga L, Cardozo L, Leal VO, Kemp JA, Saldanha JF, Ribeiro-Alves M, et al. Can resveratrol supplementation reduce uremic toxins plasma levels from the gut microbiota in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients? Journal of Renal Nutrition 2022;32(6):685-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Aminorroaya 2005 {published data only}
    1. Aminorroaya A, Janghorbani M, Rezvanian H, Aminian T, Gharavi M, Amini M. Comparison of the effect of pentoxifylline and captopril on proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nephron 2005;99(3):c73-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Badri 2013 {published data only}
    1. Badri S, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Ahmadi F, Mahdavi-Mazdeh M, Abbasi MR, Khalili H. Effect of add-on pentoxifylline on proteinuria in membranous glomerulonephritis: a 6-month placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Drug Investigation 2013;33(3):215-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bahmani 2016a {published data only}
    1. Bahmani F, Kia M, Soleimani A, Asemi Z, Esmaillzadeh A. Effect of selenium supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Biological Trace Element Research 2016;172(2):282-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bahmani F, Kia M, Soleimani A, Mohammadi AA, Asemi Z. The effects of selenium supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [Expression of Concern in: Br J Nutr. 2022 Jan 14;127(1):155]. British Journal of Nutrition 2016;116(7):1222-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bakris 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bakris GL, Pergola PE, Chin M, Potts S, Hebbar S, Meyer CJ, et al. The effect of the amorphous SDD formulation of bardoxolone methyl on blood pressure [abstract no: SA-PO106]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):659A.
Baldi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Baldi S, Innocenti M, Frascerra S, Nannipieri M, Lippi A, Rindi P, et al. Effects of hemodialysis and vitamin E supplementation on low-density lipoprotein oxidizability in end-stage renal failure. Journal of Nephrology 2013;26(3):549-55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Biniaz 2013 {published data only}
    1. Biniaz V, Nemati E, Tayebi A, Shermeh MS, Ebadi A. The effect of vitamin C on parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Nephrourology Monthly 2013;5(5):962-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Biniaz 2015 {published data only}
    1. Biniaz V, Tayebi A, Ebadi A, Sadeghi S, Einollahi B. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on marital satisfaction in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases & Transplantation 2015;26(3):468-76. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bursell 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM, Schlossman DK, Feener EP, et al. High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22(8):1245-51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Candan 1996 {published data only}
    1. Candan F, Gultekin F, Candan F, Yildirir C. The effect of vitamin E therapy on cardiac arrhythmias and lipid peroxidation levels in haemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11(6):A174. [CENTRAL: CN-00261274]
Candan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Candan F, Gultekin F, Candan F. Effect of vitamin C and zinc on osmotic fragility and lipid peroxidation in zinc-deficient haemodialysis patients. Cell Biochemistry & Function 2002;20(2):95-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chang 2007a {published data only}
    1. Chang JW, Lee EK, Kim TH, Min WK, Chun S, Lee KU, et al. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on the plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in diabetic end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis: a pilot study. American Journal of Nephrology 2007;27(1):70-4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chang JW, Lee EK, Min WK, Chun S, Kim SB, Park JS. Alpha-lipoic acid decreases asymmetric dimethylarginine in diabetic end stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: SU-PO330]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):606A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583153] - PubMed
Chao 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chao JC, Yuan M, Chen P, Chien S. Vitamin C and E supplements improve the impaired antioxidant status and decrease plasma lipid peroxides in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2002;13(11):653-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Coloma 2011 {published data only}
    1. Coloma RS, Jocson VR. Effects of vitamin E on a biomarker of inflammation and precursors of atherogenesis in chronic hemodialysis patients. Phillippine Journal of Internal Medicine 2011;49(4):206-15. [EMBASE: 364307575]
Conner 2008a {published data only}
    1. Conner TA, McQuade C, Olp J, Pai AB. Effect of intravenous vitamin C on cytokine activation and oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients receiving intravenous iron sucrose. BioMetals 2012;25(5):961-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Coombes 2000 {published data only}
    1. Coombes JS, Fassett RG, Doyle M, Mace R, Leichtweis SB. Decreased plasma oxidation in renal transplant patients supplemented with antioxidants [abstract no: A3598]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(Sept):684A. [CENTRAL: CN-00550760]
Daud 2013 {published data only}
    1. Daud ZA, Tubie B, Sheyman M, Osia R, Adams J, Tubie S, et al. Vitamin E tocotrienol supplementation improves lipid profiles in chronic hemodialysis patients. Vascular Health & Risk Management 2013;9:747-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Elham 2019a {published data only}
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El Mashad 2016 {published data only}
    1. El Mashad GM, ElSayed HM, Nosair NA. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on lipid profile, serum uric acid, and ascorbic acid in children on hemodialysis. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases & Transplantation 2016;27(6):1148-54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
El‐Shazly 2015 {published data only}
    1. El-Shazly AN, Ibrahim SA, El-Mashad GM, Sabry JH, Sherbini NS. Effect of zinc supplementation on body mass index and serum levels of zinc and leptin in pediatric hemodialysis patients. International Journal of Nephrology & Renovascular Disease 2015;8:159-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fallah 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fallah M, Askari G, Soleimani A, Feizi A, Asemi Z. Clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic hemodialysis patients. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2019;10:12. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fallah M, Askari G, Soleimani A, Feizi A, Asemi Z. Clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patients. International Urology & Nephrology 2018;50(11):2073-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fallahzadeh 2012 {published data only}
    1. Abarghouei MK, Dormanesh B, Roozbeh J, Kamali-Sarvestani E, Vessal G, Pakfetrat M, et al. Addition of silymarin to rennin-angiotensin system inhibitors attenuates proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [abstract no: FP293]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii169-70. [EMBASE: 70765789] - PubMed
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Farvid 2005 {published data only}
    1. Farvid MS, Jalali M, Siassi F, Hosseini M. Comparison of the effects of vitamins and/or mineral supplementation on glomerular and tubular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(10):2458-64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fukuda 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fukuda S, Koyama H, Kondo K, Fujii H, Hirayama Y, Tabata T, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation on fatigue, and autonomic and immune dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2015;10(3):e0119578. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fumeron 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fumeron C, Nguyen-Khoa T, Saltiel C, Kebede M, Buisson C, Drueke TB, et al. Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation status in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(9):1874-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Gaede 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gaede P, Poulsen HE, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Double-blind, randomised study of the effect of combined treatment with vitamin C and E on albuminuria in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine 2001;18(9):756-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Garneata 2015 {published data only}
    1. Garneata L, Bratescu L, Gemene M, Stoian V, Iordache M, Stefan G, et al. Effects of ascorbic acid adminstration on anaemia correction in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: FP659]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii294. [EMBASE: 72207076]
Garrote 2009 {published data only}
    1. Garrote N, Guinsburg M, Garcia L, Boubee S, Moretto H, Canale R, et al. Vitamin C improves HB levels and reduce EPO resistance in hemodialysis (HD) patients with functional iron deficiency (FID). A randomized, open label, controlled multicentric trial [abstract no: SA778]. In: World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan, Italy. 2009. [CENTRAL: CN-01658520]
Gholnari 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gholnari T, Aghadavod E, Soleimani A, Hamidi GA, Sharifi N, Asemi Z. The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [Expression of Concern in: J Am Nutr Assoc. 2022 Jan;41(1):125]. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2018;37(3):188-93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ghorbani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ghorbani A, Omidvar B, Beladi-Mousavi SS, Lak E, Vaziri S. The effect of pentoxifylline on reduction of proteinuria among patients with type 2 diabetes under blockade of angiotensin system: a double blind and randomized clinical trial. Nefrologia 2012;32(6):790-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Giancaspro 2000 {published data only}
    1. Giancaspro V, Nuzziello M, Pallotta G, Sacchetti A, Petrarulo F. Intravenous ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients with functional iron deficiency: a clinical trial. Journal of Nephrology 2000;13(6):444-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Golmohammadi 2022 {published data only}
    1. Golmohammadi S. Effects of coenzyme q10 supplementation on renal function parameters in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: POS-517]. Kidney International Reports 2022;7(2 Suppl):S226. [EMBASE: 2016904788]
Guerrero‐Romero 1995a {published data only}
    1. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M, Paniagua-Sierra JR, Garcia-Bulnes G, Salas-Ramirez M, Amato D. Pentoxifylline reduces proteinuria in insulin-dependent and non insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Clinical Nephrology 1995;43(2):116-21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Han 2015 {published data only}
    1. Han S, Kim H, Kim D, Chung C, Ahn C, Kim K, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes [abstract]. Diabetologia 2015;58(1 Suppl 1):S343-4. [EMBASE: 72030965]
    1. Han SJ, Kim HJ, Kim DJ, Sheen SS, Chung CH, Ahn CW, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2015;7:64. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Harmankaya 2003 {published data only}
    1. Harmankaya O, Erimez D, Altuntas Y, Basturk T, Obek A, Unsal A. Combination of pentoxifylline with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) produces an additional reduction in microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients [abstract no: O82]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):25-6. [CENTRAL: CN-00550617] - PubMed
    1. Harmankaya O, Seber S, Yilmaz M. Combination of pentoxifylline with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors produces an additional reduction in microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Renal Failure 2003;25(3):465-470. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Heidari 2018 {published data only}
    1. Heidari A, Hamidi G, Soleimani A, Aghadavod E, Asemi Z. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on gene expressions related to insulin, lipid, and inflammation pathways in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2018;12(1):14-21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hodkova 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hodkova M, Dusilova-Sulkova S, Kalousova M, Soukupova J, Zima T, Mikova D, et al. Influence of oral vitamin E therapy on micro-inflammation and cardiovascular disease markers in chronic hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure 2006;28(5):395-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Holdaas 1994 {published data only}
    1. Holdaas H, Waage A, Bentdal O, Sundal E, Hartmann A, Nordal K, et al. Alleviation of OKT3-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) with pentoxifylline (PTX) [abstract no: 4P]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):1011. [CENTRAL: CN-00716034]
Hosseini 2022 {published data only}
    1. Hosseini R, Karajibani M, Montazerifar F, Shahraki E, Babakhani K, Mohammad Mokhtari A, et al. The impact of zinc supplementation on galectin-3 and metabolic markers in diabetic patients on hemodialysis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2022;21(1):743-50. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Imada 2001 {published data only}
    1. Imada A, Yoshimoto S, Ohno T, Takahashi K, Imada T, Iida N. Effect of vitamin C on recombinant human erythropoietin refractory anemia in patients with chronic hemodialysis [abstract no: SU2-0765]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):332A. [MEDLINE: ]
Irijanto 2007 {published data only}
    1. Irijanto F, Kuswadi I, Sja'Bani M, Darmo Atmodjo S, Harsoyo S, Kamindang E, et al. The effect of N-acetyl cysteine to reduce MDA, CRP and IL-6 [abstract no: 1157]. Nephrology 2007;12(Suppl 2):A40.
    1. Irijanto F, Kuswadi I, Sja'Bani M, Darmo Atmodjo S, Harsoyo S, Kamindang E, et al. The effect of N-acetylcystein to the reduction of MDA, CRP and IL-6 [abstract no: M-PO-0615]. In: 4th World Congress of Nephrology.19th International Congress of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN); 2007 Apr 21-25; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2007:228.
Jadhav 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jadhav SS, Kuchake VG, Upasani CD. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of some antioxidants in diabetic nephropathy [abstract no: CLP20]. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2014;46(7 Suppl 1):S74. [EMBASE: 72168317]
Jamal 2022 {published data only}
    1. Jamal A, Seifati SM, Ashkezari MD, Soleimani A. Effect of selenium supplementation on the levels of gene expression associated with insulin and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammatory markers, in diabetic hemodialysis patients. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2022;24(5):e1563. [EMBASE: 2018778512]
Javaherforooshzadeh 2021 {published data only}
    1. Javaherforooshzadeh F, Shaker Z, Rashidi M, Akhondzadeh R, Hayati F. The effect of N-acetyl cysteine injection on renal function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2021;16(1):161. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kadhim 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kadhim HM, Ismail SH, Hussein KI, Bakir IH, Sahib AS, Khalaf BH, et al. Effects of melatonin and zinc on lipid profile and renal function in type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with metformin. Journal of Pineal Research 2006;41(2):189-93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kalani 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kalani B, Dabhi M, Hedge U, Gohel K, Mukhopadhayay B, Gang S, et al. Effect of combination treatment of vitamin E, atorvastatin and losartan on markers of inflammation in stable maintenance haemodialysis patients: placebo controlled prospective trial [abstract no: DO-11]. In: 36th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Nephrology (ISNCON 2005); 2005 Dec 1-3; Cochin, India. 2005:89. [MEDLINE: ]
Kamgar 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kamgar M, Zaldivar F, Vaziri ND, Pahl MV. Antioxidant therapy does not ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with end-stage renal disease. Journal of the National Medical Association 2009;101(4):336-44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Keven 2003a {published data only}
    1. Deicher R, Horl WH. Vitamin C for hyporesponsiveness to EPO: a cure for all? American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(4):848-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Khajehdehi 2000a {published data only}
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Khajehdehi 2011 {published data only}
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Khajehdehi 2012 {published data only}
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Khatami 2016 {published data only}
    1. Khatami PG, Soleimani A, Sharifi N, Aghadavod E, Asemi Z. The effects of high-dose vitamin E supplementation on biomarkers of kidney injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2016;10(4):922-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Leyva‐Jimenez 2009 {published data only}
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Mahajan 1979 {published data only}
    1. Mahajan S, Abassi A, Prasad A, Briggs W, McDonald F. Effect of zinc (Zn) therapy on uremic hypogonadism: a double blind study [abstract]. Kidney International 1979;16(6):893.
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    1. Mahmood WA, Mshimesh BA, Khazaal FA, Jasim SY, Mahmood AA. Potential effects of resveratrol on obesity-related nephropathy in Iraqi obese women. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2018;10(5):999-1005. [EMBASE: 622412927]
Martins 2021 {published data only}
    1. Martins ML, da Silva AT, Machado RP, Ramos HP, Martinelli C, Silveira TT, et al. Vitamin C decreases reduced glutathione in chronic haemodialysis patients: a pilot, randomised, double-blind trial. International Urology & Nephrology 2021;53(8):1695-704. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Moffitt 2013 {published data only}
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Mooraki 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mooraki A, Jenabi A, Jabbari M, Roshan SK, Golestanpour A, Broumand B. The effect of pentoxifylline on hemoglobin levels in patients with end stage renal disease, receiving chronic regular hemodialysis [abstract no: SaP326]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi342. [CENTRAL: CN-00716050]
Mortazavi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mortazavi M, Seyrafian S, Taheri S, Nasiri R, Dolatkhah S, Naini AE, et al. Role of pentoxifylline in treatment of anemic patients suffering chronic hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial. Medicinski Arhiv 2012;66(2):84-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Muchova J, Orszaghova Z, Zitnanova I, Trebaticky B, Breza J, Durackova Z. The effect of natural polyphenols on the oxidative stress markers in patients with diabetic nephropathy [abstract no: P63]. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2014;75 Suppl 1:S42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mune 1999 {published data only}
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    1. Murillo Ortiz BO, Fuentes Preciado AR, Ramirez Emiliano J, Martinez Garza S, Ramos Rodriguez E, Alba Macias LA. Recovery of bone and muscle mass in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron overload on hemodialysis and taking combined supplementation with curcumin and resveratrol. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2019;14:2055-62. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Navarro JF, Mora C, Muros M, Maca M, Garca J. Effects of pentoxifylline administration on urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase excretion in type 2 diabetic patients: a short-term, prospective, randomized study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(2):264-70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Nowak 2020 {published data only}
    1. Farmer-Bailey H, Cadnapaphornchai MA, You Z, George D, Wang W, Jovanovich A, et al. Curcumin therapy to treat vascular dysfunction in children and young adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): design and baseline characteristics of participants [abstract no: PO1580]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2020;31(Abstract Suppl):503. [EMBASE: 633703722]
    1. Nowak KL, Farmer-Bailey H, Cadnapaphornchai MA, You Z, George D, Wang W, et al. Curcumin therapy to treat vascular dysfunction in children and young adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Design and baseline characteristics of participants. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2020;19:100635. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Oliaei 2011 {published data only}
    1. Oliaei F, Hushmand S, Khafri S, Baradaran M. Efficacy of pentoxifylline for reduction of proteinuria in type II diabetic patients. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine 2011;2(4):309-13. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Omrani 2015 {published data only}
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Pakfetrat 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pakfetrat M, Shahroodi JR, Zolgadr AA, Larie HA, Nikoo MH, Malekmakan L. Effects of zinc supplement on plasma homocysteine level in end-stage renal disease patients: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Biological Trace Element Research 2013;153(1-3):11-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Panah 2019 {published data only}
    1. Panah F, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Argani H, Haiaty S, Rashtchizadeh N, Hosseini L, et al. The effect of oral melatonin on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in transplant patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Transplant Immunology 2019;57:101241. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Parham 2008 {published data only}
    1. Parham M, Amini M, Aminorroaya A, Heidarian E. Effect of zinc supplementation on microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Review of Diabetic Studies 2008;5(2):102-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Peng 2010 {published data only}
    1. Peng SL, Guo ZA. Effect of total saponins of Panax notoginseng on urinary albumin in patients with chronic renal failure. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue [Chinese Critical Care Medicine] 2010;22(12):744-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Perez 2004 {published data only}
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Pirhadi‐Tavandashti 2020 {published data only}
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Poulia 2011 {published data only}
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Purwanto 2012 {published data only}
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Roob 2000 {published data only}
    1. Roob JM, Khoschsorur G, Tiran A, Horina JH, Holzer H, Winklhofer-Roob BM. Vitamin E attenuates oxidative stress induced by intravenous iron in patients on hemodialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(3):539-49. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Roozbeh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Roozbeh J, Banihashemi MA, Ghezlou M, Afshariani R, Salari S, Moini M, et al. Captopril and combination therapy of captopril and pentoxifylline in reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Renal Failure 2010;32(2):172-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Roozbeh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Roozbeh J, Shahriyari B, Akmali M, Vessal G, Pakfetrat M, Raees Jalali GA, et al. Comparative effects of silymarin and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress markers, and hemoglobin levels among patients on hemodialysis. Renal Failure 2011;33(2):118-23. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Rymarz 2009 {published data only}
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Safa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Safa J, Ardalan MR, Rezazadehsaatlou M, Mesgari M, Mahdavi R, Jadid MP. Effects of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha in patient with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. International Urology & Nephrology 2014;46(8):1633-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sagheb 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fallahzadeh MK, Akbari H, Sohrabi NS, Sagheb MM. Efficacy of vitamins C, E and their combination for treatment of restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [abstract no: 404]. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2011;5(Suppl 2):22-3. [EMBASE: 70673845] - PubMed
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Saldanha 2016 {published data only}
    1. Saldanha JF, Leal VO, Rizzetto F, Grimmer GH, Ribeiro-Alves M, Daleprane JB, et al. Effects of resveratrol supplementation in Nrf2 and NF-kappaB expressions in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2016;26(6):401-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Salimian 2022 {published data only}
    1. Salimian M, Soleimani A, Bahmani F, Tabatabaei SM, Asemi Z, Talari HR. The effects of selenium administration on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic status in diabetic hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2022;47:58‐62. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Samadian 2017 {published data only}
    1. Samadian F, Dalili N, Poor-Reza GF, Fattah M, Malih N, Nafar M, et al. Evaluation of Curcumin's effect on inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2017;22:19-23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sanchez Alvarez 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sanchez Alvarez JE, Molina E, De La Vega MJ, Hernandez D, Perez L, Garcia R, et al. Sustained effect of two vitamin supplement regimens on hyperhomocysteinemia in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients [abstract no: F-PO773]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):231A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583425]
Sattarinezhad 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sattarinezhad A, Roozbeh J, Shirazi Yeganeh B, Omrani GR, Shams M. Resveratrol reduces albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Diabetes & Metabolism 2019;45(1):53-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schneeberger 1989 {published data only}
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Scholze 2004 {published data only}
    1. Scholze A, Rinder C, Beige J, Riezler R, Zidek W, Tepel M. Acetylcysteine reduces plasma homocysteine concentration and improves pulse pressure and endothelial function in patients with end-stage renal failure. Circulation 2004;109(3):369-74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sedaghattalab 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sedaghattalab M, Razazan M, Sadeghi H, Doustimotlagh AH, Toori MA, Abbasi Larki R, et al. Effects of nasturtium officinale extract on antioxidant and biochemical parameters in hemodialysis patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2021;2021:1632957. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sedaghattalab 2021a {published data only}
    1. Sedaghattalab M, Razazan M, Shahpari M, Azarmehr N, Larki RA, Sadeghi H, et al. The effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of watercress on the levels of protein carbonyl, inflammatory markers, and vitamin E in chronic hemodialysis patients. Biochemistry Research International 2021;2021:5588464. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shahbazian 2016 {published data only}
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Shahidi 2015 {published data only}
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Shahreki 2022 {published data only}
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Sprenger 1983 {published data only}
    1. Sprenger KB, Bundschu D, Lewis K, Spohn B, Schmitz J, Franz HE. Improvement of uremic neuropathy and hypogeusia by dialysate zinc supplementation: a double-blind study. Kidney International - Supplement 1983;24(Suppl 16):S315-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Svensson 2004 {published data only}
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Temple 2000 {published data only}
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Turk 1998 {published data only}
    1. Turk S, Bozfakioglu S, Ecder ST, Kahraman T, Gurel N, Erkoc R, et al. Effects of zinc (Zn) supplementation on immune system and antibody response to multivalent influenza vaccine (MIV) in hemodialysis patients (HP) [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11(6):A195. [CENTRAL: CN-00261286]
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Turk 2013 {published data only}
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    1. Boaz M, Smetana S, Gafter U, Iuliano L, Weinstein T. Vitamin E and carotid intima-media thickness progression in endstage renal disease (VIPER) [abstract]. In: 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15-18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004. [CENTRAL: CN-00509092]
Wijnen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wijnen MH, Vader HL, den Wall Bake AW, Roumen RM. Can renal dysfunction after infra-renal aortic aneurysm repair be modified by multi-antioxidant supplementation? Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2002;43(4):483-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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References to ongoing studies

CARDINAL 2021 {published data only}
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    1. IRCT20160412027346N. Evaluating the effect of zinc supplement on CRP and NLR inflammatory factor in MHD patients. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20160412027346N8 (accessed 30 August 2023).
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MPAC‐CKD‐1 2018 {published data only}
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NCT05350124 {published data only}
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NCT05422534 {published data only}
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NCT05564676 {published data only}
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VA PTXr 2021 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Jun 2012
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