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. 2023 Nov;44(11):1085-1103.
doi: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.11.20230264.

Olfactory dysfunction among patients with COVID-19

Feras M Alkholaiwi  1 , Alhanouf F Altamimi  1 , Hanan H Almalki  1 , Fay A Almughaiseeb  1 , Shoug S Alsubaie  1 , Hessah S Alsayahi  1 , Fras W Alhijli  1 , Reema S Alobaishi  1 , Amit Agrawal  1 , Zuhour A Alqahtani  1 , Fahad Z Alotaibi  1
Affiliations

Olfactory dysfunction among patients with COVID-19

Feras M Alkholaiwi et al. Saudi Med J. 2023 Nov.

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the frequency of olfactory dysfunction (OD) among individuals afflicted with coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out across several bibliographical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) to extract publications in the English language between January 2020 and December 2021 to report the incidence of OD alone or together with gustatory dysfunction (GD) among COVID-19 patients.

Results: Based on eligibility criteria, 84 articles were included from 27 countries, comprising 36,903 patients, of whom 58.1% were females. The generality rates of olfactory impairment alone was 34.60% and in conjunction with GD was 11.36%. Patients with OD were subclassified into various categories, and the prevalence of anosmia was 20.85%, 5.04% for hyposmia, 8.88% for anosmia or hyposmia, 1.84% for parosmia, 0.78% for phantosmia, and 0.02% for hyperosmia, among COVID-19 patients.

Conclusion: Clinical features associated with OD, either isolated or in combination with GD, are common in patients with COVID-19 and consider important signs of COVID-19 that may guide clinicians in the early phase of the disease.PROSPERO Reg. No.: 417296.

Keywords: COVID-19; Hyposmia; SARS-CoV-2; anosmia; olfactory dysfunction.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
- Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flowchart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
- Classification of the type of studies included in the systematic review (n=84).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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