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. 2023 Jun;38(2):e2023008-0.
doi: 10.5620/eaht.2023008. Epub 2023 May 3.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide, GST

Ji-Soo Kim  1 , Myung-Hwan Jeong  1 , Heung-Sik Seo  1 , Myeong-Kyu Park  1 , Hee Ju Park  2 , Seong-Soon Nah  3
Affiliations

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide, GST

Ji-Soo Kim et al. Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 2023 Jun.

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used in various applications in a wide range of products including food, cosmetics and photocatalyst. General toxicity studies of titanium dioxide, GST (Green Sludge Titanium) have been investigated in several reports, whereas studies concerning mutagenicity and genotoxicity have not been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of GST by genetic toxicology testing. The bacterial reverse mutation test was conducted by the pre-incubation method in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system (S9 mixture). The chromosome aberration test was performed using cultured Chinese hamster lung cell line in the absence and presence of S9 mixture. The micronucleus test was performed by using specific pathogen-free male ICR mice. Genotoxicity tests were conducted following the test guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development with application of Good Laboratory Practice. No statistically significant increases were found in the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, and in vivo micronucleus test when tested for induction of genotoxicity in GST. These results suggest that GST did not induce mutagenicity and genotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo system.

Keywords: TiO2; bacterial reverse mutation test; chromosome aberration test; genotoxicity; micronucleus test.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Characterization of TiO2 particles (GST) compared to P-25 analyzed by Korea TECH: (a) negative zeta potential (-35.4 mV, 30 mg/mL); (b) size distribution by intensity (mean: 336.8 nm); (c) positive zeta potential (32.3 mV, 30 mg/mL); (d) size distribution by intensity (mean: 302.2 nm).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Characterization of TiO2 particles (GST): SEM (scanning electron microscope) image analyzed by KRICT.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Characterization of TiO2 particles (GST); (a) A particles dispersed in 99.9 % EtOH was deposited on a copper grid and analyzed using TEM (Transmission electron microscope) image by Korea Basic Science Institute, (b) Size distribution (95.8 ± 46.3 nm, 46 – 270 nm,) of the imaged GST(image J software).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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