Assessing the Maximal Mechanical Capacities Through the Load-Velocity Relationship in Elite Versus Junior Male Volleyball Players

Abstract

Background: Physical testing is crucial for athlete monitoring, talent identification, optimizing training, and tailoring programs to enhance game-performance in elite competitions.

Hypothesis: Load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables discriminate between elite and junior volleyball players, correlate with volleyball-specific performance, and are generalizable across lower- and upper-body exercises.

Study design: Cross-sectional study.

Level of evidence: Level 3.

Methods: A total of 9 elite and 11 junior volleyball players were assessed for the L-V relationship (load-axis intercept [L₀], velocity-axis intercept [v₀], and area under the L-V relationship line [A_line]) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Block and spike jump height, as well as standing and jumping spike speed were assessed 24 hours later.

Results: Elite players presented greater magnitude in the L-V variables (P ≤ 0.03; effect size [ES] ≥ 1.06) and higher volleyball-specific performance (P ≤ 0.03; ES ≥ 1.09) than juniors (except for CMJ v₀ and A_line). The L-V relationship variables were significantly associated with the block and spike jump height and jumping spike speed only in elite players (r ≥ 0.703 and P ≤ 0.04 in 11 out of 18 correlations). No significant associations were observed between CMJ and BPT for any L-V relationship variable (r ≤ 581; P ≥ 0.08, except for A_line in junior players).

Conclusion: The L-V relationship is a practical procedure to assess volleyball players' maximal mechanical capacities, which are associated with volleyball-specific performance in elite players. However, these data should not be used interchangeably between playing standards or exercises.

Clinical relevance: This information might help strength and conditioning coaches to prescribe more effective training programs that focus on developing the specific physical capacities necessary for players to potentially advance to elite status.

Keywords: age-group; assessment; performance; resistance training; strength; team sports.

Figure 1.

L-V relationship obtained from the data averaged across the sample during CMJ (upper panel) and BPT (lower panel) exercises in junior (filled circles, continuous line) and elite (open circles, dotted line) volleyball players. The regression equations and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (r) are depicted. A_line, area under the L-V relationship line; BPT, bench press throw; CMJ, countermovement jump; L₀, load-axis intercept; L-V, load-velocity; v₀, velocity-axis intercept.

Figure 2.

Correlations between L-V relationship variables obtained during CMJ and BPT exercises in junior (left panels) and elite (right panels) volleyball players. BPT, bench press throw; CMJ, countermovement jump; L-V, load-velocity; r, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient.