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. 2023 Nov 6;4(1):zpad039.
doi: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad039. eCollection 2023.

Tripping on the edge of consciousness

James M Krueger  1
Affiliations

Tripping on the edge of consciousness

James M Krueger. Sleep Adv. .

Abstract

Herein the major accomplishments, trials and tribulations, and epiphanies experienced by James M. Krueger over the course of his career in sleep research are presented. They include the characterization of a) the supranormal EEG delta waves occurring during NREMS post sleep loss, b) Factor S as a muramyl peptide, c) the physiological roles of cytokines in sleep regulation, d) multiple other sleep regulatory substances, e) the dramatic changes in sleep over the course of infectious diseases, and f) sleep initiation within small neuronal/glial networks. The theory that the preservation of brain plasticity is the primordial sleep function is briefly discussed. These accomplishments resulted from collaborations with many outstanding scientists including James M. Krueger's mentors (John Pappenheimer and Manfred Karnovsky) and collaborators later in life, including Charles Dinarello, Louis Chedid, Mark Opp, Ferenc Obal jr., Dave Rector, Ping Taishi, Linda Toth, Jeannine Majde, Levente Kapas, Eva Szentirmai, Jidong Fang, Chris Davis, Sandip Roy, Tetsuya Kushikata, Fabio Garcia-Garcia, Ilia Karatsoreos, Mark Zielinski, and Alok De, plus many students, e.g. Jeremy Alt, Kathryn Jewett, Erika English, and Victor Leyva-Grado.

Keywords: Factor S; cytokines; local sleep; muramyl peptides; peptidoglycan; sleep; sleep function.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
TNF enhances local NREMS EEG slow wave power, left figure [45]. Cortical neuronal TNF expression is enhanced by increased afferent stimulation, right figure [46] and is decreased if TNF expression is reduced using a TNF siRNA, lower figure [49]. After TNFsiRNA is given ipsilaterally, EEG delta power is reduced for a few days on the TNF siRNA-treated side but not on the control side [49].
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Sleep regulatory substances are produced within small networks in response to cell damage, sleep loss, or cell activity. Those substances affect a variety of synaptic mechanisms which, in turn, regulate multiple local processes. The processes shown are posited to be sleep functions [83].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Pappenheimer JR, Koski G, Fencl V, Karnovsky ML, Krueger JM.. Extraction of sleep-promoting Factor S from cerebrospinal fluid and from brains of sleep-deprived animals. J Neurophysiol. 1975;38:1299–1311. doi: 10.1152/jn.1975.38.6.1299 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Krueger JM, Pappenheimer JR, Karnovsky ML.. The composition of sleep-promoting factor isolated from human urine. J Biol Chem. 1982;257:1664–1669. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68088-9 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Martin SA, Karnovsky ML, Krueger JM, Pappenheimer JR, Biemann K.. Peptidoglycans as promoters of slow-wave sleep. I. Structure of sleep-promoting factor isolated from human urine. J Biol Chem. 1984;259:12652–12658. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)90795-7 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Davis CJ, Clinton JM, Jewett K, Zielinski MR, Krueger JM.. EEG delta wave power: an independent sleep phenotype or epiphenomena? J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7:S16–S18. doi: 10.5664/JCSM.1346. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Krueger JM, Dinarello C, Chedid L.. Promotion of slow wave sleep by a purified interleukin-1 preparation. Fed Proc. 1983;42:356.