Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Nov 1;24(21):15881.
doi: 10.3390/ijms242115881.

Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review of Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Immunohistochemistry, and Emerging Biomarkers for Early Detection and Management

Laura Maria Gosman  1   2 , Dana-Antonia Țăpoi  3   4 , Mariana Costache  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review of Multifactorial Pathogenesis, Immunohistochemistry, and Emerging Biomarkers for Early Detection and Management

Laura Maria Gosman et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an increasingly significant public health concern. Due to alarming mortality rates and escalating incidence, it is crucial to understand its etiology and identify emerging biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifactorial etiology of CM, underscore the importance of early detection, discuss the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma development and progression, and shed light on the role of the potential biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of CM involves a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, ultraviolet radiation exposure being the predominant environmental risk factor. The emergence of new biomarkers, such as novel immunohistochemical markers, gene mutation analysis, microRNA, and exosome protein expressions, holds promise for improved early detection, and prognostic and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Keywords: cutaneous melanoma; exosomes; genetic mutations; immunohistochemistry; microRNA.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The role of exosomal components in CM (created with Biorender, https://www.biorender.com, accessed on 29 October 2023).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Leonardi G.C., Falzone L., Salemi R., Zanghì A., Spandidos D.A., Mccubrey J.A., Candido S., Libra M. Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review) Int. J. Oncol. 2018;52:1071–1080. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4287. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis L.E., Shalin S.C., Tackett A.J. Current state of melanoma diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2019;20:1366–1379. doi: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1640032. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Orzan O.A., Șandru A., Jecan C.R. Controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of early cutaneous melanoma. J. Med. Life. 2015;8:132–141. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Caini S., Gandini S., Sera F., Raimondi S., Fargnoli M.C., Boniol M., Armstrong B.K. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma according to anatomical site and clinico-pathological variant. Eur. J. Cancer. 2009;45:3054–3063. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.05.009. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Burns D., George J., Aucoin D., Bower J., Burrell S., Gilbert R., Bower N. The Pathogenesis and Clinical Management of Cutaneous Melanoma: An Evidence-Based Review. J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Sci. 2019;50:460–469.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jmir.2019.05.001. - DOI - PubMed