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. 2023 Oct 25;12(21):3682.
doi: 10.3390/plants12213682.

Sustainable Pest Management Using Novel Nanoemulsions of Honeysuckle and Patchouli Essential Oils against the West Nile Virus Vector, Culex pipiens, under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Wafaa M Hikal  1   2 , Mohamed M Baz  3 , Mohammed Ali Alshehri  1 , Omar Bahattab  1 , Rowida S Baeshen  1 , Abdelfattah M Selim  4 , Latifah Alhwity  1 , Rabaa Bousbih  5 , Maha Suleiman Alshourbaji  1 , Hussein A H Said-Al Ahl  6
Affiliations

Sustainable Pest Management Using Novel Nanoemulsions of Honeysuckle and Patchouli Essential Oils against the West Nile Virus Vector, Culex pipiens, under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Wafaa M Hikal et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Essential oils are natural plant products that are very interesting, as they are important sources of biologically active compounds. They comprise eco-friendly alternatives to mosquito vector management, particularly essential oil nanoemulsion. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of 16 selected essential oils (1500 ppm) in controlling mosquitoes by investigating their larvicidal effects against the larvae and adults of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae); the best oils were turned into nanoemulsions and evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. The results show that honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium) and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oils were more effective in killing larvae than the other oils (100% mortality) at 24 h post-treatment. The nanoemulsions of honeysuckle (LC50 = 88.30 ppm) and patchouli (LC50 = 93.05 ppm) showed significantly higher larvicidal activity compared with bulk honeysuckle (LC50 = 247.72 ppm) and patchouli (LC50 = 276.29 ppm) oils. L. caprifolium and P. cablin (100% mortality), followed by Narcissus tazetta (97.78%), Rosmarinus officinalis (95.56%), and Lavandula angustifolia (95.55%), were highly effective oils in killing female mosquitoes, and their relative efficacy at LT50 was 5.5, 5.3, 5.8, 4.1, and 3.2 times greater, respectively, than Aloe vera. The results of the field study show that the honeysuckle and patchouli oils and their nanoemulsions reduced densities to 89.4, 86.5, 98.6, and 97.0% at 24 h post-treatment, respectively, with persistence for eight days post-treatment in pools. Nano-honeysuckle (100% mortality) was more effective than honeysuckle oils (98.0%). Our results show that honeysuckle and patchouli oils exhibited promising larvicidal and adulticidal activity of C. pipiens.

Keywords: Culex pipiens; essential oils; honeysuckle; nanoemulsions; patchouli; plants bioactive compounds; polyphenols.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Lethal time values of oils applied at 1500 ppm against Culex pipiens larvae.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the honeysuckle EO nanoemulsion.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the patchouli EO nanoemulsion.
Figure 4
Figure 4
TEM morphological examination of patchouli (a,b) and honeysuckle (c) nanoemulsions.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chromatogram of the polyphenol concentration determination of patchouli (a) and honeysuckle (b) essential oils and standard polyphenols (c).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chromatogram of the polyphenol concentration determination of patchouli (a) and honeysuckle (b) essential oils and standard polyphenols (c).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Field efficacy of nano-honeysuckle and its oil (A) and nano-patchouli and its oil (B) treated at a dose of LC95 X2 (2509.5, 565.4, 2711.9, and 643.0 ppm, respectively) in larval breeding sites.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Persistence of honeysuckle oil and its nanoemulsion (a) and patchouli oil and its nanoemulsion (b) against adult mosquitoes in treated houses 30 min post-exposure for 7 days.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium (a), and patchouli, Pogostemon cablin (b) plants. (https://upload.wikimedia.org).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Honeysuckle (a) and patchouli (b) nanoemulsions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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