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. 2023 Nov 2;23(21):8912.
doi: 10.3390/s23218912.

A Frequency-Selective Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications in the S and C Bands

Alexandros Sakkas  1 , Vasilis Oikonomou  1 , Giorgos Mystridis  1 , Vasilis Christofilakis  1 , Giorgos Tatsis  1 , Giorgos Baldoumas  1 , Vasilis Tritiakis  2 , Spyridon K Chronopoulos  1
Affiliations

A Frequency-Selective Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications in the S and C Bands

Alexandros Sakkas et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This paper presents a compact multifrequency reconfigurable patch antenna in terms of design and fabrication for operating in the S and C bands of the RF spectrum, which are overwhelmed by wireless applications. Reconfiguration is achieved by using a single PIN diode on the ground plane. By varying the voltage applied to the diode, three modes can emerge, exhibiting main resonant frequencies at 2.07, 4.63, and 6.22 GHz. Resonance switching requires a voltage of less than 0.9 V. The antenna fabricated on an FR-4 substrate, with a volume of 70 × 60 × 1.5 mm3, has a radiating patch element of a rectangular ring shape. The proposed low-cost antenna is easily implemented in a typical university lab-based environment. The total bandwidth for the three modes is close to 1 GHz, while the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the fabricated version of the antenna does not exceed 1.02, and the return loss is well below -40 dB for the three primary resonant frequencies.

Keywords: PIN diode; measurements; multifrequency; patch antenna; reconfigurable antenna.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structural geometry of the antenna (a) Front view, (b) Back view.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The equivalent circuit of PIN diode when (a) reverse-biased, and (b) forward-biased.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Simulation results of S11 parameter and VSWR for the antenna’s three modes of operation.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Simulated 3D radiation patterns for frequencies (a) 2.04 GHz, (b) 4.44 GHz, and (c) 6.42 GHz.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Simulated 3D radiation patterns for frequencies (a) 2.04 GHz, (b) 4.44 GHz, and (c) 6.42 GHz.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Simulated surface current distribution for frequencies (a) 2.04 GHz, (b) 4.44 GHz, and (c) 6.42 GHz.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Simulated surface current distribution for frequencies (a) 2.04 GHz, (b) 4.44 GHz, and (c) 6.42 GHz.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Fabricated multi-frequency reconfigurable patch antenna (a) top side and (b) bottom side.
Figure 7
Figure 7
S11 measurement setup for the antenna (a) before adding the PIN diode and (b) after adding the PIN diode, with the antenna operating in mode 3 (6.22 GHz).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Free-space lab measurement plan.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Measurement setup.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Experimental results of the S11 parameter and VSWR for the three modes of operation.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Measured radiation patterns (in blue) on azimuth (left) and elevation (right) planes for frequencies: (a,b) 2.07 GHz, (c,d) 4.63 GHz, and (e,f) 6.22 GHz, along with the respective simulated radiation patterns (in red) for frequencies 2.04, 4.44, and 6.42 GHz.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Measured radiation patterns (in blue) on azimuth (left) and elevation (right) planes for frequencies: (a,b) 2.07 GHz, (c,d) 4.63 GHz, and (e,f) 6.22 GHz, along with the respective simulated radiation patterns (in red) for frequencies 2.04, 4.44, and 6.42 GHz.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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