Factors Defining Human Adipose Stem/Stromal Cell Immunomodulation in Vitro

Abstract

Human adipose tissue-derived stem/stromal cells (hASCs) are adult multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells with immunomodulatory capacities. Here, we present up-to-date knowledge on the impact of different experimental and donor-related factors on hASC immunoregulatory functions in vitro. The experimental determinants include the immunological status of hASCs relative to target immune cells, contact vs. contactless interaction, and oxygen tension. Factors such as the ratio of hASCs to immune cells, the cellular context, the immune cell activation status, and coculture duration are also discussed. Conditioning of hASCs with different approaches before interaction with immune cells, hASC culture in xenogenic or xenofree culture medium, hASC culture in two-dimension vs. three-dimension with biomaterials, and the hASC passage number are among the experimental parameters that greatly may impact the hASC immunosuppressive potential in vitro, thus, they are also considered. Moreover, the influence of donor-related characteristics such as age, sex, and health status on hASC immunomodulation in vitro is reviewed. By analysis of the literature studies, most of the indicated determinants have been investigated in broad non-standardized ranges, so the results are not univocal. Clear conclusions cannot be drawn for the fine-tuned scenarios of many important factors to set a standard hASC immunopotency assay. Such variability needs to be carefully considered in further standardized research. Importantly, field experts' opinions may help to make it clearer.

Keywords: Coculture; Experimental determinants; Human adipose stem/stromal cells; Immune cells; Immunomodulation; Preconditioning.

Fig. 1

ASCs’ regenerative characteristics. Abbreviations: ASCs: adipose tissue-derived stem/stromal cells, b-FGF: basic Fibroblast growth factor, CCL2: C–C motif chemokine ligand 2, CCL5:: C–C motif chemokine ligand 5, HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor, IL-6: Interleukin 6, IL-8: Interleukin 8, IL-1ra: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, IL-10: Interleukin 10, IGF: Insulin-like growth factor, IDO: Indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase, PGE2: Prostaglandin E2, PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor, STC-1, stanniocalcin-1, TSG-6: Tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene-6, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor

Fig. 2

Factors affecting hASC immunomodulation in vitro. Abbreviations: hASCs: human adipose tissue-derived stem/stromal cells, AT: adipose tissue, 2D: two-dimensional, 3D: three-dimensional, BMI: body mass index