Histomorphological Study of Thyroidectomy Specimens in Tertiary Care Hospital -A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine disorder affecting the general population. Diseases of the thyroid glands present with either an alteration of hormone secretion or as an enlargement of the thyroid gland. They vary from non-neoplastic to neoplastic lesions. The prevalence and pattern of these disorders depend on the factors like age, sex and geographic patterns. The aim of the study is to determine the histomorphological features of thyroid lesions in thyroidectomy specimens in patients who underwent thyroidectomy in tertiary care hospital. This is a retrospective study, conducted in tertiary care centre attached to government hospital. All thyroidectomy specimens received in the Department of Pathology, from January 2021 to January 2023 were included in the study. The patients who underwent thyroidectomy in view of thyroid swelling, over a period of 2 years, were selected. Data was collected from histopathological examinations done on the thyroidectomy specimens. Different histomorphological patterns were observed on microscopy. The thyroid lesions were classified into Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic based on histomorphological features and the data was segregated according to this and analysed. There was a total of 194 specimens, of which 175 were from female and 19 were from male patients. Maximum number of thyroid lesions were seen in the age group of 30-50 years. Among 194 patients, 52 (26.8%) were found to have neoplastic lesions, of whom, 25 (12.8%) patients had benign and 27(14%) patients had malignant lesion. 141(72.7%) patients had non neoplastic conditions. One patient had lymphoproliferative disorder (0.5%). In Neoplastic lesions, Among Benign lesions, Follicular adenoma was found be present in 25 patients. In malignant lesions, Papillary carcinoma was the most commonly found lesion (25 cases, 12.9%). 141(73%) patients had Non neoplastic conditions. Most commonly occurring Non neoplastic lesions were Nodular goiter (50 cases, 25.8%) followed by Colloid goiter (34cases, 17.5%), Multinodular goiter (33 cases, 17%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (5 cases, 2.6%). Followed by Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (4 cases, 2.1%). The frequency of carcinoma is more common in females amongst the total thyroid lesions. Papillary carcinoma was the most frequent malignancy (12.9%) among the thyroidectomy specimens. Papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion with female preponderance whereas, nodular goiter and colloid goiter were the commonest non neoplastic lesions with female preponderance.

Keywords: Colloid goiter; Multinodular goiter; Nodular goiter; Papillary carcinoma; Thyroid lesions; Thyroidectomy.

Graph 1

Neoplastic Vs Non neoplastic lesions. Inference - Among 194 patients, 52 (26.8%) were found to have neoplastic lesions, of whom, 25 (12.8%) patients had benign and 27(14%) patients had malignant lesion. 141(72.7%) patients had non neoplastic conditions. One patient had lymphoproliferative disorder (0.5%). In Neoplastic lesions, Among Benign lesions, Follicular adenoma was found be present in 25 patients. In malignant lesions, Papillary carcinoma was the most commonly found lesion (25 cases, 12.9%). Most commonly occurring Non neoplastic lesions were Nodular goiter (50 cases, 25.8%) followed by Colloid goiter (34cases, 17.5%), Multinodular goiter (33 cases, 17%), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (5 cases, 2.6%). Followed by Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (4 cases, 2.1%).

Graph 2

Incidence of lesions. Inference - Among 18 thyroidectomy specimens in male sex, 11 were Non neoplastic (8%) and 7 were Neoplastic (13.5%). Out of 175 thyroidectomy specimens in females, 130 were Non neoplastic (92%) followed by 45 Neoplastic lesions (86.5%).