A Polymeric Hydrogel to Eliminate Programmed Death-Ligand 1 for Enhanced Tumor Radio-Immunotherapy

Abstract

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a specialized shield on tumor cells that evades the immune system. Even inhibited by PD-L1 antibodies, a cycling process constantly transports PD-L1 from inside to outside of cells, facilitating the renewal and replenishment of PD-L1 on the cancer cell membrane. Herein, we develop a sodium alginate hydrogel consisting of elesclomol-Cu and galactose to induce persistent cuproptosis, leading to the reduction of PD-L1 for radio-immunotherapy of colon tumors. First, a prefabricated hydrogel is synthesized by immobilizing elesclomol onto a sodium alginate saccharide chain through the coordination with bivalent copper ions (Cu²⁺), followed by incorporation of galactose. After implantation into the tumors, this prefabricated hydrogel can be further cross-linked in the presence of physiological calcium ions (Ca²⁺), resulting in the formation of a hydrogel with controlled release of elesclomol-Cu²⁺ (ES-Cu) and galactose. The hydrogel effectively induces the oligomerization of DLAT and cuproptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Interestingly, radiation-induced PD-L1 upregulation is abrogated in the presence of the hydrogel, releasing ES-Cu and galactose. Consequently, the sensitization of tumor to radiotherapy and immunotherapy is significantly improved, further prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice in both local and metastatic tumors. Our study introduces an approach that combines cuproptosis with immunotherapy and radiotherapy.

Keywords: PD-L1; cuproptosis; galactose; hydrogel; radio-immunotherapy.