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. 2022 Mar 13:2:100012.
doi: 10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100012. eCollection 2022 Jun.

Nutritional and activity recommendations for the child with normal weight, overweight, and obesity with consideration of food insecurity: An Obesity Medical Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement 2022

Nancy T Browne  1 , Suzanne E Cuda  2
Affiliations

Nutritional and activity recommendations for the child with normal weight, overweight, and obesity with consideration of food insecurity: An Obesity Medical Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement 2022

Nancy T Browne et al. Obes Pillars. .

Abstract

Background: This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) details nutritional and activity recommendations for the child with normal weight, overweight, and obesity (Appendix A) with consideration of food insecurity. This CPS is intended to provide clinicians with an overview of clinical practices applicable to children and adolescents with body mass indices in the normal range and body mass indices greater than or equal to the 85th percentile for their ages, particularly those with adverse consequences resulting from increased body mass. The information in this CPS is based on scientific evidence, supported by the medical literature, and derived from the clinical experiences of members of the OMA.

Methods: The scientific information and clinical guidance in this CPS is based upon referenced evidence and derived from the clinical perspectives of the authors.

Results: This OMA Clinical Practice Statement details nutritional and activity recommendations for the child with normal weight, overweight, and obesity with consideration of food insecurity. In addition, this CPS addresses nutritional recommendations for complications related to the disease of obesity as well as providing guidance on food insecurity as it impacts children with obesity and their families.

Conclusions: This OMA Clinical Practice Statement on nutritional and activity recommendations for the child with normal weight, overweight, and obesity with consideration of food insecurity is an overview of current recommendations. These recommendations provide a roadmap to the improvement of the health of children and adolescents with obesity, especially those with metabolic, physiological, and psychological complications.

Keywords: Activity recommendation; Assessment; Food insecurity; Nutritional evaluation; Obesity; Pediatric.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Suzanne Elizabeth Cuda reports a relationship with Rhythm Pharmaceuticals that includes: speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement. Suzanne Elizabeth Cuda reports a relationship with Novo Nordisk Inc that includes: consulting or advisory and travel reimbursement.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Nutritional Therapy: Comparison of Common Recommendations I. Nutritional management for pediatric patients can take several forms. These include portion control, CHO-restricted or reduced diets, low glycemic index foods, low-fat diets, and elimination diets; information, pros, and cons for each are shown [6,[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]]. CHO: carbohydrate; RCT: randomized controlled trial; P: protein; KD: Ketogenic diet; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Nutritional Therapy: Comparison of Common Recommendations II. Nutritional management for pediatric patients can take several forms, including diets that are popular with adults. They may include the ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting/time-restricted feeding, and plant-based diets; information, pros, and cons are shown [[20], [21], [22]]. CHO: carbohydrate; RCT: randomized controlled trial.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Management of the Infant with Overweight and Obesity: 0 to 24 Months. Recommendations for the infant with overweight and obesity (0–24 months) address optimal behavior and sleep patterns, food intake, and activity levels [1,2,46,47].
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Management of the Toddler with Overweight and Obesity: 2 to 4 Years. Recommendations for the toddler with overweight and obesity (2–4 years) address optimal behavior and sleep patterns, food intake, and activity levels [1,2,46,47].
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Management of the Young Child with Overweight and Obesity: 5 to 9 Years. Recommendations for the young child with overweight and obesity (5–9 years) address optimal behavior and sleep patterns, pharmacology, food intake, and activity levels [1,2,46,47]. ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Management of the Pubertal Child with Overweight and Obesity: 10 to 14 Years. Recommendations for the pubertal child with obesity (10–14 years) address optimal behavior and sleep patterns, pharmacology, food intake, and activity levels [1,2,46,47]. ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; SGA: second-generation antipsychotics; T2D: type 2 diabetes.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Management of the Adolescent Child with Overweight and Obesity: 15 to 18 Years. Recommendations for the adolescent child with overweight and obesity (15–18 years) address optimal behavior and sleep patterns, pharmacology, food intake, and activity levels [1,2,46,47]. ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; SGA: second-generation antipsychotics; T2D: type 2 diabetes.
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