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. 2023 Nov 7;11(22):2921.
doi: 10.3390/healthcare11222921.

Relationship between Depression and Anxiety during Pregnancy, Delivery-Related Outcomes, and Healthcare Utilization in Michigan Medicaid, 2012-2021

Kara Zivin  1   2   3 , Xiaosong Zhang  3 , Anca Tilea  3 , Sarah J Clark  4 , Stephanie V Hall  2   5
Affiliations

Relationship between Depression and Anxiety during Pregnancy, Delivery-Related Outcomes, and Healthcare Utilization in Michigan Medicaid, 2012-2021

Kara Zivin et al. Healthcare (Basel). .

Abstract

To evaluate associations between depression and/or anxiety disorders during pregnancy (DAP), delivery-related outcomes, and healthcare utilization among individuals with Michigan Medicaid-funded deliveries. We conducted a retrospective delivery-level analysis comparing delivery-related outcomes and healthcare utilization among individuals with and without DAP between January 2012 and September 2021. We used generalized estimating equation models assessing cesarean and preterm delivery; 30-day readmission after delivery; severe maternal morbidity within 42 days of delivery; and ambulatory, inpatient, emergency department or observation (ED), psychotherapy, or substance use disorders (SUD) visits during pregnancy. We adjusted models for age, race/ethnicity, urbanicity, federal poverty level, and obstetric comorbidities. Among 170,002 Michigan Medicaid enrollees with 218,890 deliveries, 29,665 (13.6%) had diagnoses of DAP. Compared to those without DAP, individuals with DAP were more often White, rural dwelling, had lower income, and had more comorbidities. In adjusted models, deliveries with DAP had higher odds of cesarean and preterm delivery OR = 1.02, 95% CI: [1.00, 1.05] and OR = 1.15, 95% CI: [1.11, 1.19] respectively), readmission within 30 days postpartum (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: [1.07, 1.22]), SMM within 42 days (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: [1.18, 1.38]), and utilization compared to those without DAP diagnoses (ambulatory: OR = 7.75, 95% CI: [6.75, 8.88], inpatient: OR = 1.13, 95% CI: [1.11, 1.15], ED: OR = 1.86, 95% CI: [1.80, 1.92], psychotherapy: OR = 172.8, 95% CI: [160.10, 186.58], and SUD: OR = 5.6, 95% CI: [5.37, 5.85]). Among delivering individuals in Michigan Medicaid, DAP had significant associations with adverse delivery-related outcomes and greater healthcare use. Early detection and intervention to address mental illness during pregnancy may help mitigate burdens of these complex yet treatable disorders.

Keywords: anxiety; depression; infant health; maternal health; maternal health services; medicaid; pregnancy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript’ or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cohort selection and attrition (unit of analysis: delivery).
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