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. 2023 Nov 24;17(1):165.
doi: 10.1186/s13065-023-01084-0.

Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer by precipitation polymerization for the removal of ametryn

Rachel Marcella Roland  1 , Showkat Ahmad Bhawani  2 , Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim  3
Affiliations

Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer by precipitation polymerization for the removal of ametryn

Rachel Marcella Roland et al. BMC Chem. .

Abstract

Ametryn (AME) is a triazine herbicide which is mainly used to kill unwanted herbs in crops. Despite its importance in agriculture, the usage of AME also poses a risk to humans and the ecosystem due to its toxicity. Hence, it is important to develop a method for the effective removal of AME from various water sources which is in the form of molecular imprinting polymer (MIP). In this study, MIP of AME was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using AME as the template molecule with three different functional monomers including methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm) and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP). The three different synthesized polymers namely MIP (MAA), MIP (AAm) and MIP (2VP) were characterized using Fourier Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Then, the batch binding study was carried out using all three MIPs in which MIP (MAA) attained the highest rebinding efficiency (93.73%) among the synthesized polymers. The Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also conducted on the selected MIP (MAA). Adsorption studies including initial concentration, pH and polymer dosage were also conducted on MIP (MAA). In this study, the highest adsorption efficiency was attained at the optimum condition of 6 ppm of AME solution at pH 7 with 0.1 g of MIP (MAA). MIP (MAA) was successfully applied to remove AME from spiked distilled water, tap water and river water samples with removal efficiencies of 95.01%, 90.24% and 88.37%, respectively.

Keywords: Ametryn; Herbicide; Molecular imprinted polymer; Precipitation polymerization; Removal; River water; Tap water.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Proposed mechanism of polymerization reaction
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
FTIR spectra of MIPs of AME
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
FTIR spectra of MIP (MAA) and NIP (MAA) of AME
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
FESEM micrographs of synthesized MIPs and NIP at ×10,000 magnification
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
EDX analysis of synthesized MIPs and NIP
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The TGA analysis of MIP (MAA) of AME
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The batch binding analysis of all MIPs of AME
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
The batch binding analysis of MIP (MAA) and NIP (MAA) of AME
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
The adsorption efficiencies of MIP (MAA) and NIP (MAA) at different initial concentrations
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
The adsorption efficiencies of MIP (MAA) and NIP (MAA) at several pH
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
The adsorption efficiencies of MIP (MAA) and NIP (MAA) at various polymer dosages
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
The pseudo-first-order kinetic model
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
The pseudo-second-order kinetic model
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
The intraparticle-diffusion kinetic model
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
The Langmuir isotherm model
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
The Freundlich isotherm model
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