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. 2023 Nov 17;12(22):4166.
doi: 10.3390/foods12224166.

An Acid-Free Alternative to Pectin Production from the Cell Walls of Olive Oil Waste and Different Fruits Using Choline Chloride

Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria  1 , María Luisa Castejón  1 , África Fernández-Prior  1 , Guillermo Rodríguez-Gutiérrez  1 , Juan Fernández-Bolaños  1
Affiliations

An Acid-Free Alternative to Pectin Production from the Cell Walls of Olive Oil Waste and Different Fruits Using Choline Chloride

Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria et al. Foods. .

Abstract

The pectin from the cell walls of olive waste (alperujo) and apple, orange and strawberry fruits was extracted using choline chloride (ChCl) and the yield and chemical and structural compositions were compared to pectin extracted using citric acid (CA) and ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid (AOOA). According to the results, the alperujo pectin extracted using ChCl from alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR) showed a higher yield (2.20-2.88% on the basis of dry weight of AIR) than using CA (0.65-1.22%) but lower than using AOOA (3.92-5.42%). For fruit pectin, the highest yield was obtained using CA (8.81-16%), followed by AOOA (5.4-6.63%), although for apple pectin, ChCl gave a similar yield (5.36%) to AOOA. The uronic acid contents in all ChCl pectins (45.9-70.6% dry basis AIR) were higher or similar to that of the other extracting agents (30.6-65.2%), although a lower level of neutral sugar side chains was detected, with a lower degree of branching and degree of methylation. The NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy of the pectin isolated using ChCl confirmed its slightly different structural composition with respect to CA and AOOA pectin. Therefore, depending on the source material and functionality, pectin isolated using ChCl could be an acid-free alternative to pectin production.

Keywords: NMR and IR spectroscopy; alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR); cell wall; choline chloride; deep eutectic solvents (DES); pectin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
High-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with refractive index detector chromatographic profile of ChCl, AOOA, and CA pectins obtained from three different alperujo samples (ALP-1, ALP-2, ALP-3) and apples, oranges, and strawberries.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FT-IR spectra of ChCl, AOOA, and CA pectins obtained from one alperujo (ALP-1) and apple, orange, and strawberry samples.
Figure 3
Figure 3
1H-NMR spectra of ChCl, AOOA, and CA pectins obtained from one alperujo (ALP-1) and apple, orange, and strawberry samples. * Choline formula with the carbons A, B and C labeled.
Figure 3
Figure 3
1H-NMR spectra of ChCl, AOOA, and CA pectins obtained from one alperujo (ALP-1) and apple, orange, and strawberry samples. * Choline formula with the carbons A, B and C labeled.
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