A Systematic Review of Interleukins as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Peripheral Artery Disease

Abstract

Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) involves atherosclerosis of the lower extremity arteries and is a major contributor to limb loss and death worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that interleukins (ILs) play an important role in the development and progression of PAD; however, a comprehensive literature review has not been performed. Methods: A systematic review was conducted and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE was searched from inception to 5 December 2022, and all studies assessing the association between ILs and PAD were included. Results: We included 17 studies from a pool of 771 unique articles. Five pro-inflammatory ILs (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-8) and one pro-atherogenic IL (IL-12) were positively correlated with PAD diagnosis and progression. In contrast, two anti-inflammatory ILs (IL-4 and IL-10) were protective against PAD diagnosis and adverse limb events. Specifically, IL-6 and IL-8 were the most strongly associated with PAD and can act as potential disease biomarkers to support the identification and treatment of PAD. Conclusions: Ongoing work to identify and validate diagnostic/prognostic inflammatory biomarkers for PAD has the potential to assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients for further evaluation and management which could reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular and limb events.

Keywords: biomarker; diagnosis; interleukin; peripheral artery disease; prediction; prognosis.

Figure 1

PRISMA study flow diagram. CAD: Coronary Artery Disease. CAS: Carotid Artery Stenosis. AAA: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

Figure 2

Summary of mechanistic associations between interleukins and peripheral artery disease. Created with BioRender.com.