Investigating Sex-Based Neural Differences in Autism and Their Extended Reality Intervention Implications

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects millions of individuals worldwide, and there is growing interest in the use of extended reality (XR) technologies for intervention. Despite the promising potential of XR interventions, there remain gaps in our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ASD, particularly in relation to sex-based differences. This scoping review synthesizes the current research on brain activity patterns in ASD, emphasizing the implications for XR interventions and neurofeedback therapy. We examine the brain regions commonly affected by ASD, the potential benefits and drawbacks of XR technologies, and the implications of sex-specific differences for designing effective interventions. Our findings underscore the need for ongoing research into the neurobiological underpinnings of ASD and sex-based differences, as well as the importance of developing tailored interventions that consider the unique needs and experiences of autistic individuals.

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; autism; brain activity; extended reality; neurofeedback.

Figure 1

XR allows us to interact with the physical world via different mechanisms. XR technologies often rely on head-mounted displays, sensors, and other hardware to create a sense of presence and immersion in the virtual world.

Figure 2

The PRISMA flow chart [22].