Aquarium Visitors Catch Some Rays: Rays Are More Active in the Presence of More Visitors

Abstract

Humans are a constant in the lives of captive animals, but the effects of human-animal interactions vary. Research on the welfare impacts of human-animal interactions focus predominantly on mammals, whereas fish have been overlooked. To address this lack of research, we assessed the impacts of aquarium visitors on the behaviors of ten members of four elasmobranch species: an Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina), four southern stingrays (Hypanus americanus), two blue-spotted maskrays (Neotrygon kuhlii), and three fiddler rays (Trygonorrhina dumerilii). The rays engaged in a significantly higher proportion of active behaviors and a lower proportion of inactive behaviors when visitor density levels were high; however, there were no significant changes for negative or social behaviors. Individual analyses indicated that all three fiddler rays and one of the southern stingrays' active behaviors differed across visitor density levels, whereas there was no association between active behavior and visitor density levels for the other rays. Further research is needed to determine whether this pattern is an adaptive or maladaptive response to visitors, but this research provides much needed initial data on activity budgets within elasmobranch species.

Keywords: aquarium; elasmobranch; visitor effect; zoo animal welfare.

Figure 1

Diagram of stingray habitat observed on ZooMonitor.

Figure 2

The proportion of observed intervals involving each behavior (active, inactive, negative, or social) across visitor density levels (low: 1–4, medium: 5–9, high: 10–14, very high: 15 or more). Dotted lines indicate p < 0.001, solid lines are non-significant.

Figure 3

Proportion of observed intervals involving each behavior (active, inactive, negative, social) for each individual ray across visitor density levels (low: 1–4, medium: 5–9, high: 10–14, very high: 15 or more).