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Review
. 2023 Nov 18;24(22):16481.
doi: 10.3390/ijms242216481.

Environmental Causes of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Sheiphali Gandhi  1 , Roberto Tonelli  2   3   4 , Margaret Murray  1 , Anna Valeria Samarelli  2   3 , Paolo Spagnolo  5
Affiliations
Review

Environmental Causes of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Sheiphali Gandhi et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common and severe of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, is a chronic and relentlessly progressive disease, which occurs mostly in middle-aged and elderly males. Although IPF is by definition "idiopathic", multiple factors have been reported to increase disease risk, aging being the most prominent one. Several occupational and environmental exposures, including metal dust, wood dust and air pollution, as well as various lifestyle variables, including smoking and diet, have also been associated with an increased risk of IPF, probably through interaction with genetic factors. Many of the predisposing factors appear to act also as trigger for acute exacerbations of the disease, which herald a poor prognosis. The more recent literature on inhalation injuries has focused on the first responders in the World Trade Center attacks and military exposure. In this review, we present an overview of the environmental and occupational causes of IPF and its pathogenesis. While our list is not comprehensive, we have selected specific exposures to highlight based on their overall disease burden.

Keywords: environmental exposures; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; interstitial lung disease; occupational exposures.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in IPF pathogenesis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Interplay of genetic and environmental factors for the risk of developing IPF.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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