Comorbidities and Laryngeal Cancer in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review

Abstract

Introductions: The global prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea shows that this disease appears in 1 billion people, with the prevalence exceeding 50% in some countries. Treatment is necessary to minimize negative health impacts. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined as a cause of daytime sleepiness, as well as a clinical manifestation of sleep-disordered breathing. In the literature, there are numerous controversial studies regarding the etiology of this condition, but it is universally accepted that reduced activity in the upper airway muscles plays a significant role in its onset. Additionally, OSA has been associated with a series of comorbidities, such as type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions, as well as head and neck tumors, especially oropharyngeal and laryngeal tumors. This is a review of the subject of OSA that considers several aspects: an analysis of the comorbidities associated with OSA, the involvement of tumor pathology in the onset of OSA, and the association of OSA with various types of laryngeal cancers. Additionally, it includes an evaluation of postoperative and medical outcomes for patients with OSA and laryngeal tumors treated surgically and medically, including chemotherapy. Relevant Sections: By taking into consideration the stated objective, a systematic analysis of the available literature was conducted, encompassing the PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases. The evaluation was based on several keywords, including head and neck cancer, diabetes, diabetic, overlap syndrome, cardiovascular conditions, laryngeal neoplasm, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, as well as the concept of quality of life in laryngectomized patients and patients with OSA. Discussions: The review evaluates the involvement of OSA in the presence of comorbidities, as well as the increased incidence of OSA in patients with laryngeal cancer. It is important to note that surgical and post-surgical treatment can play a significant role in triggering OSA in these patients. Conclusions: The studies regarding the correlations between OSA, comorbidities, and head and neck tumors indicate a significantly increased risk of OSA in association with conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and head and neck tumors, particularly laryngeal tumors. This association has a physio-pathological basis. The various surgical methods followed by radiation and chemotherapy for tumor treatment do not exclude an increased risk of developing OSA after treatment. This significantly influences the quality of life of patients who survive these types of tumors. Future directions: Due to the multiple comorbidities associated with OSA, the extension of polysomnography associated with investigations during sleep, such as drug-induced sleep endoscopy, represents a tendency for the early diagnosis of this pathology, which affects the quality of life of these patients. Patients with head and neck cancer are at high risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea; this is why it is necessary to expand the polysomnographic investigation of these patients after surgical procedures or after radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Keywords: cardiovascular diseases; head and neck cancer; hypermetabolic syndrome; obstructive sleep apnea; stroke.