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. 2023 Nov 17;23(22):9252.
doi: 10.3390/s23229252.

Unobstructive Heartbeat Monitoring of Sleeping Infants and Young Children Using Sheet-Type PVDF Sensors

Daisuke Kumaki  1 , Yuko Motoshima  2 , Fujio Higuchi  1 , Katsuhiro Sato  1 , Tomohito Sekine  1   3 , Shizuo Tokito  1   3
Affiliations

Unobstructive Heartbeat Monitoring of Sleeping Infants and Young Children Using Sheet-Type PVDF Sensors

Daisuke Kumaki et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Techniques for noninvasively acquiring the vital information of infants and young children are considered very useful in the fields of healthcare and medical care. An unobstructive measurement method for sleeping infants and young children under the age of 6 years using a sheet-type vital sensor with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure-sensitive layer is demonstrated. The signal filter conditions to obtain the ballistocardiogram (BCG) and phonocardiogram (PCG) are discussed from the waveform data of infants and young children. The difference in signal processing conditions was caused by the physique of the infants and young children. The peak-to-peak interval (PPI) extracted from the BCG or PCG during sleep showed an extremely high correlation with the R-to-R interval (RRI) extracted from the electrocardiogram (ECG). The vital changes until awakening in infants monitored using a sheet sensor were also investigated. In infants under one year of age that awakened spontaneously, the distinctive vital changes during awakening were observed. Understanding the changes in the heartbeat and respiration signs of infants and young children during sleep is essential for improving the accuracy of abnormality detection by unobstructive sensors.

Keywords: PVDF; infants and young children; sheet-type vital sensor; unobstructive vital monitoring.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Schematic of the device structure of the sheet sensor. (b) Experimental setup of the measurement system. (c) Photographs of the sheet sensor and measurement system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Heartbeat and respiration waveforms in ECG and sheet sensor for (a) ID13 and (b) ID02.
Figure 3
Figure 3
PSD spectra calculated from the sheet sensor data for ID13 and ID02. (a) PSD of the frequency range of respiration. The intensity of ID02 was multiplied by 10 in (a). (b) PSD of the frequency range of BCG (2–20 Hz). (c) PSD of the frequency range of PCG (20–40 Hz).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Variations in RRI and PPI over 10 min for (a) ID13 and (b) ID02. Correlations between RRI and PPI for (c) ID13 and (d) ID02.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Vital changes during awakening preparation stage for ID02. (a) Time dependence of respiratory waveform. (b) Time dependence of heart rate calculated from PPI and RRI. (c) Time dependence of respiratory rate calculated from BBI. PSD spectra in the ranges of (d) respiration and (e) BCG.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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