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. 2023 Nov 19;12(22):3902.
doi: 10.3390/plants12223902.

Optimization and Characterization of Phenolic Extraction Conditions and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Adenanthera pavonina L. Bark

Syeda Nurunnesa Begum  1 , Mobarok Hossain  2 , Md Adnan  3 , Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman  1 , Arif Reza  4   5   6
Affiliations

Optimization and Characterization of Phenolic Extraction Conditions and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Adenanthera pavonina L. Bark

Syeda Nurunnesa Begum et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

The presence of high levels of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants can significantly influence the progress of drug development. Here, we aimed to maximize phenolic extraction from Adenanthera pavonina L. stem bark using various solvents such as ethyl acetate, methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform. A response surface method (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) statistical technique was applied to optimize the extraction process, employing three important extracting parameters such as extraction time (h), temperature (°C), and solvent composition (% v/v of methanol/water) to obtain the highest phenolic content. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (IC50 of extract's DPPH radical scavenging activity) were used as response variables to find the influence of these extracting parameters. Among the various solvents used, methanol extract showed the highest contents of phenolics and the maximum level of antioxidant activity with a lower IC50 value. The notable TPC and IC50 value of the extract's DPPH radical scavenging capacity were found to be 181.69 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g dry tissue and 60.13 ± 0.11 mg/mL, respectively, under the optimal conditions with a solvent composition of 71.61% (v/v) of methanol/water, extraction temperature of 42.52 °C, and extraction time of 24 h. The optimized extract of A. pavonina stem bark was further subjected to HPLC analysis, where six phenolic compounds, including coumarin, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, gallic acid, and caffeic acid, were identified along with their respective quantities. Overall, the findings of this study uncover a low-cost analytical model for maximizing phenolic extraction from A. pavonina bark with enhanced antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Adenanthera pavonina bark; antioxidant activity; high-performance liquid chromatography; optimization; phenolic profiling.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of different solvents extracts on the extraction of TPC (total phenolic content, mg GAE/g dry tissue) and antioxidant activities (IC50 of extract’s DPPH radical scavenging activity, mg/mL) from the A. pavonia stem bark.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Linear fit for predicted values against experimental observations: (a) TPC and (b) IC50 of extract’s DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Diagnostic plots for TPC (externally studentized residual versus (a) predicted value and (b) experimental runs) and IC50 of extract’s DPPH radical scavenging activity (externally studentized residual versus (c) predicted value and (d) experimental runs).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Normal probability plot of externally studentized residuals for (a) TPC and (b) IC50 of extract’s DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Three-dimensional surface and contour plots for TPC extraction from A. pavonina bark: (a) extraction temperature (°C) × solvent composition (%), (b) extraction time (h) × solvent composition (%), and (c) extraction time (h) × extraction temperature (°C).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Three-dimensional surface and contour plots for IC50 of extract’s DPPH radical scavenging activity: (a) extraction temperature (°C) × solvent composition (%), (b) extraction time (h) × solvent composition (%), and (c) extraction time (h) × extraction temperature (°C).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Overlay plot showing the ideal zone with an extraction time of 12.5 h.
Figure 8
Figure 8
HPLC chromatogram of (a) standard phenolic compounds and (b) optimized extract of A. pavonina stem bark.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) The tree of Adenanthera pavonina L., (b) stem bark (inner (I) and outer (O) surfaces), (c) powder of stem bark.
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