Factors Associated with Early Versus Late Uptake of the COVID-19 Vaccine during Pregnancy over Time in Australia: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Abstract

Background: Pregnant women are at an increased risk of hospitalisation, admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and death from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study is to determine the predictive factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake during pregnancy over time in a population with a high background uptake of maternal influenza and pertussis vaccination.

Methods: This is a population-based, cohort study of all pregnant women who gave birth in Victoria, Australia between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2022. Data from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection were analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression.

Results: This study reports on 77,719 women who gave birth over a 12 month period, of whom 49,281 (63.4%) received a COVID-19 vaccine, 54,887 (70.6%) received an influenza vaccination and 63,594 (81.8%) received a pertussis vaccine by the time of delivery. Pregnant women aged >30 years (aOR 1.31 CI 1.27, 1.36), who had >=8 antenatal visits (aOR 1.08 CI 1.04, 1.12), and those who received influenza vaccine (aOR 1.23 CI 1.19, 1.28) were more likely to have received a COVID-19 vaccine. Those who smoked (aOR 0.7 CI 0.66, 0.74), were First Nations (aOR 0.83 CI 0.74, 0.93) and those who gave birth in public hospitals (aOR 0.65 CI 0.63, 0.68) were less likely to receive COVID-19 vaccine in the first 12 months of the rollout.

Conclusion: Maternal age, smoking, parity and Indigenous status were factors associated with delayed and sustained lower coverage, even in a population with background maternal influenza and pertussis coverage of 70.6% and 81.8%, respectively.

Keywords: COVID-19; immunisation; influenza; pregnancy; vaccination.

Figure 1

(a) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before birth (including before pregnancy) based on maternal age group and the month baby was born. (b) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before birth (including before pregnancy) based on smoking status and the month baby was born. (c) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination based on maternal First Nations status and the month baby was born. (d) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before the birth (including before pregnancy) based on parity and the month baby was born.

Figure 1

(a) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before birth (including before pregnancy) based on maternal age group and the month baby was born. (b) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before birth (including before pregnancy) based on smoking status and the month baby was born. (c) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination based on maternal First Nations status and the month baby was born. (d) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before the birth (including before pregnancy) based on parity and the month baby was born.

Figure 1

(a) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before birth (including before pregnancy) based on maternal age group and the month baby was born. (b) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before birth (including before pregnancy) based on smoking status and the month baby was born. (c) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination based on maternal First Nations status and the month baby was born. (d) Percentage of women who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination before the birth (including before pregnancy) based on parity and the month baby was born.