Profiling Prokaryotic Communities and Aaptamines of Sponge Aaptos suberitoides from Tulamben, Bali

Abstract

Sponges (Porifera) harbor a diversity of microorganisms that contribute largely to the production a vast array of bioactive compounds. The microorganisms associated with sponge have an important impact on the chemical diversity of the natural products. Herein, our study focuses on an Aaptos suberitoides commonly found in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to investigate the profile of prokaryotic community and the presence of aaptamine metabolites in sponge Aaptos suberitoides. Sponges were collected from two site locations (Liberty Wreck and Drop Off) in Tulamben, Bali. The sponges were identified by barcoding DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The profile of prokaryotic composition was investigated by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene using primers 515f and 806r to target the V4 region. The metabolites were analyzed using LC-MS, and dereplication was done to identify the aaptamines and its derivates. The barcoding DNA of the sponges confirmed the identity of samples as Aaptos suberitoides. The prokaryotic communities of samples A. suberitoides were enriched and dominated by taxa Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. The chemical analysis showed that all sponges produce aaptamine and isoaaptamine except A. suberitoides S2421 produce analog of aaptamines. This is the first report on the profile of prokaryotic community and the aaptamine of tropical marine sponges, A. suberitoides, from Tulamben, Bali.

Keywords: Aaptamine; Aaptos suberitoides; Bali; Prokaryotic.

Fig. 1

Map of sampling locations of sponge individuals at Drop off and Liberty Shipwreck, Tulamben, Bali, Indonesia

Fig. 2

Pictures of four individual sponge Aaptos spp. collected from Tulamben, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. A Sample S2406, B sample S2408, C sample S2419, and D sample S2421. Each sample was photographed underwater and after sampling

Fig. 3

Phylogenetic tree of Aaptos suberitoides species with neighbor-joining (NJ) topology generated from mtDNA COI gene. Numbers below the major nodes indicate bootstrap support for 1000 replicates using neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood, respectively

Fig. 4

The bar plots show the microbiome composition of four individual sponges using 16S rRNA and were constructed based on phylum. The taxa with read abundance less than 2% were excluded from the plots

Fig. 5

The bar plots show the microbiome composition of four individual sponges using 16S rRNA and were constructed based class level. The taxa with read abundance less than 2% were excluded from the plots

Fig. 6

The bar plots show the microbiome composition of four individual sponge Aaptos suberitoides using 16S rRNA and were constructed based on order level. The taxa with read abundance less than 2% were excluded from the plots

Fig. 7

The bar plots show the microbiome composition of four individual sponge Aaptos suberitoides using 16S rRNA and were constructed based on familia level. The taxa with read abundance less than 2% were excluded from the plots

Fig. 8

Number and distribution of microbial ASVs revealed from16S rRNA metabarcoding obtained from four sponges Aaptos suberitoides collected from Tulamben, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia

Fig. 9

Heatmap of ASVs with average relative abundance ≥ 0.02% among all Aaptos suberitoides collected from Tulamben, Bali

Fig. 10

TLC of sponges S2406, S2408, S2419, and S2421. Detection using Dragendorff solution and UV 366

Fig. 11

Chromatogram of extract sponge A. suberitoided S2406

Fig. 12

Chromatogram of extract sponge A. suberitoides S2408

Fig. 13

Chromatogram of extract sponges A. suberitoides S2419

Fig. 14

Chromatogram of extract sponges A. suberitoides S2421

Fig. 15

Aaptamine and the derivates isolated from A. suberitoides