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. 2023 Nov 28;23(1):2351.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17082-9.

Evaluating effective measles vaccine coverage in the Malaysian population accounting for between-dose correlation and vaccine efficacy

Shurendar Selva Kumar  1 , Anna-Maria Hartner  2   3 , Arunah Chandran  4 , Katy A M Gaythorpe  2 , Xiang Li  5
Affiliations

Evaluating effective measles vaccine coverage in the Malaysian population accounting for between-dose correlation and vaccine efficacy

Shurendar Selva Kumar et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Malaysia introduced the two dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 2004 as part of its measles elimination strategy. However, despite high historical coverage of MCV1 and MCV2, Malaysia continues to report high measles incidence. This study suggests a novel indicator for investigating population immunity against measles in the Malaysian population.

Methods: We define effective vaccine coverage (EVC) of measles as the proportion of a population vaccinated with measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and effectively protected against measles infection. A quantitative evaluation of EVC throughout the life course of Malaysian birth cohorts was conducted accounting for both vaccine efficacy (VE) and between-dose correlation (BdC). Measles vaccination coverage was sourced from WHO-UNICEF estimates of Malaysia's routine immunisation coverage and supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs). United Nations World population estimates and projections (UNWPP) provided birth cohort sizes stratified by age and year. A step wise joint Bernoulli distribution was used to proportionate the Malaysian population born between 1982, the first year of Malaysia's measles vaccination programme, and 2021, into individuals who received zero dose, one dose and multiple doses of MCV. VE estimates by age and doses received are then adopted to derive EVC. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using 1000 random combinations of BdC and VE parameters.

Results: This study suggests that no birth cohort in the Malaysian population has achieved > 95% population immunity (EVC) conferred through measles vaccination since the measles immunisation programme began in Malaysia.

Conclusion: The persistence of measles in Malaysia is due to pockets of insufficient vaccination coverage against measles in the population. Monitoring BdC through immunisation surveillance systems may allow for the identification of susceptible subpopulations (primarily zero-dose MCV individuals) and increase the coverage of individuals who are vaccinated with multiple doses of MCV. This study provides a tool for assessment of national-level population immunity of measles conferred through vaccination and does not consider subnational heterogeneity or vaccine waning. This tool can be readily applied to other regions and vaccine-preventable diseases.

Keywords: Dose correlation; Immunisation Programs; Malaysia; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Vaccination Coverage.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Changes to the Malaysian measles vaccination schedule and national measles immunisation campaigns
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effective measles vaccine coverage of the under 18 population by year. The blue ribbon represents the 95% credible interval for EVC estimates
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Relative levels of immunity of birth cohorts in the Malaysian population based on mean EVC values
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Relative levels of immunity of birth cohorts in the Malaysian population in 2.5% of the samples
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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