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. 2023 Nov 29;11(11):CD007784.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007784.pub3.

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis

David J Tunnicliffe  1   2 , Suetonia C Palmer  3 , Brydee A Cashmore  1   2 , Valeria M Saglimbene  1   2   4 , Rathika Krishnasamy  5 , Kelly Lambert  6 , David W Johnson  7   8   9 , Jonathan C Craig  1   10   11 , Giovanni Fm Strippoli  4   10
Affiliations

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis

David J Tunnicliffe et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in people with early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the absolute risk of cardiovascular events is similar to people with coronary artery disease. This is an update of a review first published in 2009 and updated in 2014, which included 50 studies (45,285 participants).

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of statins compared with placebo, no treatment, standard care or another statin in adults with CKD not requiring dialysis.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 4 October 2023. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. An updated search will be undertaken every three months.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that compared the effects of statins with placebo, no treatment, standard care, or other statins, on death, cardiovascular events, kidney function, toxicity, and lipid levels in adults with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 90 to 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) were included.

Data collection and analysis: Two or more authors independently extracted data and assessed the study risk of bias. Treatment effects were expressed as mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous benefits and harms with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Main results: We included 63 studies (50,725 randomised participants); of these, 53 studies (42,752 participants) compared statins with placebo or no treatment. The median duration of follow-up was 12 months (range 2 to 64.8 months), the median dosage of statin was equivalent to 20 mg/day of simvastatin, and participants had a median eGFR of 55 mL/min/1.73 m2. Ten studies (7973 participants) compared two different statin regimens. We were able to meta-analyse 43 studies (41,273 participants). Most studies had limited reporting and hence exhibited unclear risk of bias in most domains. Compared with placebo or standard of care, statins prevent major cardiovascular events (14 studies, 36,156 participants: RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.79; I2 = 39%; high certainty evidence), death (13 studies, 34,978 participants: RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.96; I² = 53%; high certainty evidence), cardiovascular death (8 studies, 19,112 participants: RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.87; I² = 0%; high certainty evidence) and myocardial infarction (10 studies, 9475 participants: RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.73; I² = 0%; moderate certainty evidence). There were too few events to determine if statins made a difference in hospitalisation due to heart failure. Statins probably make little or no difference to stroke (7 studies, 9115 participants: RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.08; I² = 39%; moderate certainty evidence) and kidney failure (3 studies, 6704 participants: RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.05; I² = 0%; moderate certainty evidence) in people with CKD not requiring dialysis. Potential harms from statins were limited by a lack of systematic reporting. Statins compared to placebo may have little or no effect on elevated liver enzymes (7 studies, 7991 participants: RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.50; I² = 0%; low certainty evidence), withdrawal due to adverse events (13 studies, 4219 participants: RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.60; I² = 37%; low certainty evidence), and cancer (2 studies, 5581 participants: RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.30; I² = 0%; low certainty evidence). However, few studies reported rhabdomyolysis or elevated creatinine kinase; hence, we are unable to determine the effect due to very low certainty evidence. Statins reduce the risk of death, major cardiovascular events, and myocardial infarction in people with CKD who did not have cardiovascular disease at baseline (primary prevention). There was insufficient data to determine the benefits and harms of the type of statin therapy.

Authors' conclusions: Statins reduce death and major cardiovascular events by about 20% and probably make no difference to stroke or kidney failure in people with CKD not requiring dialysis. However, due to limited reporting, the effect of statins on elevated creatinine kinase or rhabdomyolysis is unclear. Statins have an important role in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events and death in people who have CKD and do not require dialysis. Editorial note: This is a living systematic review. We will search for new evidence every three months and update the review when we identify relevant new evidence. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00327418 NCT00199927 NCT00159835 NCT00239681 NCT00211705 NCT00296374 NCT00296400 NCT00572312 NCT00125593 NCT00327691 NCT01564875 NCT01035320 NCT00202878 NCT01208701 NCT01213498 NCT03543774 NCT00680017 NCT00861731 NCT00768638 NCT02863185.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. David Tunnicliffe: no relevant interests were disclosed

  2. Suetonia Palmer: no relevant interests were disclosed

  3. Brydee A Cashmore: no relevant interests were disclosed

  4. Varleria M Saglimbene: no relevant interests were disclosed

  5. Kelly Lambert: no relevant interests were disclosed

  6. Rathika Krishnasamy: Baxter Healthcare Corporation (Independent Contractor ‐ Other), BAXTER HEALTHCARE (Independent Contractor ‐ Other), Amgen (Travel), Baxter Healthcare Corporation (Grant / Contract)

  7. Jonathan Craig: no relevant interests were disclosed

  8. David Johnson: Boehringer Ingelheim (Independent Contractor ‐ Other), Amgen (Travel), Ono (Independent Contractor ‐ Consultant), Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma Ltd. (Independent Contractor ‐ Consultant), AWAK (Independent Contractor ‐ Consultant), BAXTER HEALTHCARE (Independent Contractor ‐ Consultant), AstraZeneca (Independent Contractor ‐ Consultant), Bayer (Independent Contractor ‐ Consultant), Baxter Healthcare Corporation (Independent Contractor ‐ Consultant)

  9. Giovanni Strippoli: no relevant interests were disclosed

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram showing study selection
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Statins versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.1 Major cardiovascular events.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Statins versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.2 Death.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Statins versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.5 Myocardial infarction.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1: Major cardiovascular events
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2: Death
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3: Rhabdomyolysis
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4: Cardiovascular death
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5: Myocardial infarction
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6: Stroke
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7: Revascularisation procedure
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8: Hospitilsation due to heart failure
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9: Kidney failure
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 10: Doubling serum creatinine
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 11: End of treatment kidney function
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 12: End of treatment proteinuria
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 13: Elevated liver enzymes
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 14: Withdrawal due to adverse events
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 15: Cancer
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 16: Onset of diabetes
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 17: Elevated creatine kinase
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 18: Total cholesterol
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 19: LDL cholesterol
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 20: Triglycerides
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 21: HDL cholesterol
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 22: Subgroup analysis (cardiovascular disease): death
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 23: Subgroup analysis (cardiovascular disease): major cardiovascular events
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 24: Subgroup analysis (statin dose): major cardiovascular death
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 25: Subgroup analysis (statin dose): death
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 26: Subgroup analysis (statin dose): withdrawal due to adverse events
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 27: Subgroup analysis (statin dose): total cholesterol
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 28: Subgroup analysis (statin dose): LDL cholesterol
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 29: Subgroup analysis (statin dose): HDL cholesterol
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 30: Subgroup analysis (statin dose): triglycerides
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 31: Subgroup analysis (age): total cholesterol
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 32: Subgroup analysis (age): withdrawal due to adverse events
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 33: Subgroup analysis (age): LDL cholesterol
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 34: Subgroup analysis (age): HDL cholesterol
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 35: Subgroup analysis (age): triglycerides
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 36: Subgroup analysis (diabetes mellitus): withdrawal due to adverse events
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 37: Subgroup analysis (diabetes mellitus): death
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 38: Subgroup analysis (diabetes mellitus): major cardiovascular death
1.39
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 39: Subgroup analysis (diabetes mellitus): total cholesterol
1.40
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 40: Subgroup analysis (diabetes mellitus): LDL cholesterol
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 41: Subgroup analysis (diabetes mellitus): HDL cholesterol
1.42
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 42: Subgroup analysis (diabetes mellitus): triglycerides
1.43
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 43: Subgroup analysis (baseline cholesterol): total cholesterol
1.44
1.44. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 44: Subgroup analysis (baseline cholesterol): LDL cholesterol
1.45
1.45. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 45: Subgroup analysis (baseline cholesterol): withdrawal due to adverse events
1.46
1.46. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 46: Subgroup analysis (baseline cholesterol): HDL cholesterol
1.47
1.47. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 47: Subgroup analysis (baseline cholesterol): triglycerides
1.48
1.48. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 48: Subgroup analysis (allocation concealment): death
1.49
1.49. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 49: Subgroup analysis (allocation concealment): total cholesterol
1.50
1.50. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 50: Subgroup analysis (allocation concealment): major cardiovascular events
1.51
1.51. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 51: Subgroup analysis (allocation concealment): triglycerides
1.52
1.52. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 52: Subgroup analysis (kidney function): end of treatment kidney function
1.53
1.53. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 53: Sensitivity analysis (excluding SHARP): major cardiovascular events
1.54
1.54. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 54: Sensitivity analysis (excluding SHARP): death
1.55
1.55. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 55: Sensitivity analysis (funding): major cardiovascular events
1.56
1.56. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 56: Sensitivity analysis (funding): death
1.57
1.57. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 57: Sensitivity analysis (funding): withdrawal due to adverse events
1.58
1.58. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 58: Sensitvitiy analysis (funding): total cholesterol
1.59
1.59. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 59: Sensitivity analysis (funding): LDL cholesterol
1.60
1.60. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 60: Sensitivy analysis (funding): HDL cholesterol
1.61
1.61. Analysis
Comparison 1: Statins versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 61: Sensitivity analysis (funding): triglycerides
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose statin, Outcome 1: Major cardiovascular events
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose statin, Outcome 2: Death
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose statin, Outcome 3: Stroke
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose statin, Outcome 4: Hospitilisation due to heart failure
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose statin, Outcome 5: Serious adverse events
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose statin, Outcome 6: Elevated liver enzyme
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose statin, Outcome 7: eGFR [mL/min/1.73 m2]
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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ESPLANADE 2010 {published data only}
    1. Remuzzi G. Effects of add-on fluvastatin therapy in patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathy on dual RAS blockade: esplanade trial [abstract no: F-PO1221]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):389A. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Tonelli M, Loriga G, Motterlini N, Rubis N, et al. Effects of add-on fluvastatin therapy in patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathy on dual renin-angiotensin system blockade: the ESPLANADE Trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2010;5(11):1928-38. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fassett 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fassett RG, Coombes JS, Packham D, Fairley KF, Kincaid-Smith P. Effect of pravastatin on kidney function and urinary protein excretion in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology 2010;44(1):56-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fried 2001 {published data only}
    1. Fried LF, Forrest KY, Ellis D, Chang Y, Silvers N, Orchard TJ. Lipid modulation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effect on microvascular outcomes. Journal of Diabetes & its Complications 2001;15(3):113-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gheith 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gheith O, Saad M, Sobh M. Nephrotic dyslipidemia, harvest of treatment [abstract no: MP085]. In: 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15-18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:258. [CENTRAL: CN-00509210]
    1. Gheith O, Sobh M, Gazaren S, Ahmed H, El Baz M. Study the effect of treatment of nephrotic dyslipidemia on renal function, fat deposits and scarring in patients with persistent nephrotic syndrome [abstract no: M182]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):100. [CENTRAL: CN-00520338] - PubMed
    1. Gheith OA, Sobh MA, Mohamed Kel-E, El-Baz M, El-Husseini F, Gazarin SS, et al. Impact of treatment of dyslipidemia on renal function, fat deposits and scarring in patients with persistent nephrotic syndrome. Nephron 2002;91(4):612-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goicoechea 2006 {published data only}
    1. Goicoechea M, Vinuesa SG, Lahera V, Cachofeiro V, Gomez-Campdera F, Vega A, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on inflammatory and fibrinolytic parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(12 Suppl 3):S231-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hommel 1992 {published data only}
    1. Hommel E, Andersen P, Gall MA, Nielsen F, Jensen B, Rossing P, et al. Plasma lipoproteins and renal function during simvastatin treatment in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1992;35(5):447-51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
HPS 2002 {published data only}48489393
    1. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9374):2005-16. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet 2004;363(9411):757-67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Emberson JR, Ng LL, Armitage J, Bowman L, Parish S, Collins R. N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, vascular disease risk, and cholesterol reduction among 20,536 patients in the MRC/BHF heart protection study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007;49(3):311-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360(9326):23-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360(9326):7-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
IDEAL 2004 {published data only}
    1. Holme I, Cater NB, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, et al. Lipoprotein predictors of cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with coronary heart disease. Insights from the Incremental Decrease In End-points Through Aggressive Lipid-lowering Trial (IDEAL). Annals of Medicine 2008;40(6):456-64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Holme I, Fayyad R, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes and their relationships to lipoprotein components in patients with and without chronic kidney disease: results from the IDEAL trial. Journal of Internal Medicine 2010;267(6):567-75. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Kastelein JJ, Steeg WA, Holme I, Gaffney M, Cater NB, Barter P, et al. Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment. Circulation 2008;117(23):3002-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Holme I, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of the Incremental Decrease in End Points through Aggressive Lipid Lowering study. American Journal of Cardiology 2004;94(6):720-4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Holme I, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial [Erratum appears in JAMA. 2005 Dec 28;294(24):3092]. JAMA 2005;294(19):2437-45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ikeda 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ikeda H, Ura Y, Nakayama M. Rosuvastatin reduces urinary protein excretion in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis compared to the pravastatin use: a crossover trial [abstract no: SA-PO274]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):699A.
Imai 1999 {published data only}
    1. Imai Y, Suzuki H, Saito T, Tsuji I, Abe K, Saruta T. The effect of pravastatin on renal function and lipid metabolism in patients with renal dysfunction with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Pravastatin and Renal Function Research Group. Clinical & Experimental Hypertension (New York) 1999;21(8):1345-55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Inukai 2011 {published data only}
    1. Inukai K, Iuchi T, Sumita T, Ito D, Ikebukuro K, Imai K, et al. Combination therapy with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) plus atorvastatin reduced proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Therapeutic Research 2011;32(7):947-53. [EMBASE: 362412882]
JUPITER 2007 {published data only}
    1. Glynn RJ, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. New England Journal of Medicine 2009;360(18):1851-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359(21):2195-207. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Ridker PM, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJ, Khurmi NS, et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in the JUPITER trial, a randomized placebo-controlled primary prevention trial of statin therapy among individuals with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. American Journal of Cardiology 2007;100(11):1659-64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention-an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010;55(12):1266-73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kimura 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kimura S, Inoguchi T, Yokomizo H, Maeda Y, Sonoda N, Takayanagi R. Randomized comparison of pitavastatin and pravastatin treatment on the reduction of urinary albumin in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2012;14(7):666-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lam 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lam KS, Cheng IK, Janus ED, Pang RW. Cholesterol-lowering therapy may retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1995;38(5):604-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Parving HH. Cholesterol-lowering therapy may retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1996;39(3):367-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lee 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lee TM, Lin MS, Tsai CH, Chang NC. Add-on and withdrawal effect of pravastatin on proteinuria in hypertensive patients treated with AT receptor blockers. Kidney International 2005;68(2):779-87. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Lintott 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lintott CJ, Scott RS, Bremer JM, Shand BI. Fluvastatin for dyslipoproteinemia, with or without concomitant chronic renal insufficiency. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;76(2):97-101A. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
LIPS 2001 {published data only}
    1. Arampatzis CA, Goedhart D, Serruys PW, Saia F, Lemos PA, Feyter P. Fluvastatin reduces the impact of diabetes on long-term outcome after coronary intervention--a Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS) substudy. American Heart Journal 2005;149(2):329-35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lemos PA, Serruys PW, Feyter P, Mercado NF, Goedhart D, Saia F, et al. Long-term fluvastatin reduces the hazardous effect of renal impairment on four-year atherosclerotic outcomes (a LIPS substudy). American Journal of Cardiology 2005;95(4):445-51. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Serruys PW, De Feyter PJ, Benghozi R, Hugenholtz PG, Lesaffre E. The Lescol(R) Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the long-term effects of fluvastatin after successful transcatheter therapy in patients with coronary heart disease. International Journal of Cardiovascular Interventions 2001;4(4):165-72. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Serruys PW, Feyter P, Macaya C, Kokott N, Puel J, Vrolix M, et al. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287(24):3215-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
LORD 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fassett R, Robertson I, Ball M, Geraghty D, Sharman J, Coombes J. A randomised trial assessing the effects of atorvastatin on arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease [abstract no: SU193]. In: World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan, Italy. 2009. [CENTRAL: CN-01912394]
    1. Fassett RG, Ball MJ, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Coombes JS. Atorvastatin and the progression of chronic kidney disease: the LORD Trial [abstract no: F-PO1919]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):543A. [CENTRAL: CN-00773725]
    1. Fassett RG, Ball MJ, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Coombes JS. Baseline serum lipids and renal function in chronic kidney disease patients entering the LORD trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2006;44(11):580-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Fassett RG, Ball MJ, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Coombes JS. The Lipid lowering and Onset of Renal Disease (LORD) Trial: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial assessing the effect of atorvastatin on the progression of kidney disease. BMC Nephrology 2008;9:4. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fassett RG, Coombes JS, Purse LM, Watts M, Chugg KL, Geraghty DP. Enrolment in a clinical trial improves renal function [abstract no: SU-PO1057]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):768A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583896]
Masajtis‐Zagajewska 2018 {published data only}
    1. Masajtis-Zagajewska A, Nowicki M. Effect of atorvastatin on iron metabolism regulation in patients with chronic kidney disease - a randomized double blind crossover study. Renal Failure 2018;40(1):700-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
MEGA 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ishikawa T, Mizuno K, Nakaya N, Ohashi Y, Tajima N, Kushiro T, et al. The relationship between the effect of pravastatin and risk factors for coronary heart disease in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation Journal 2008;72(10):1576-82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Management of Elevated Cholesterol in the Primary Prevention Group of Adult Japanese (MEGA) Study Group. Design and baseline characteristics of a study of primary prevention of coronary events with pravastatin among Japanese with mildly elevated cholesterol levels. Circulation Journal 2004;68(9):860-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Mizuno K, Nakaya N, Ohashi Y, Tajima N, Kushiro T, Teramoto T, et al. Usefulness of pravastatin in primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: analysis of the Management of Elevated Cholesterol in the Primary Prevention Group of Adult Japanese (MEGA study). Circulation 2008;117(4):494-502. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, Kitabatake A, Goto Y, Toyota T, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368(9542):1155-63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nakamura H, Mizuno K, Ohashi Y, Yoshida T, Hirao K, Uchida Y, et al. Pravastatin and cardiovascular risk in moderate chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis 2009;206(2):512-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mori 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mori Y, Tsuruoka A. Effect of pravastatin on microalbuminuria in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of the Japan Diabetes Society 1992;35(3):265-8. [EMBASE: 22147775]
    1. Mori Y, Yokoyama J, Tsuruoka A, Ikeda Y. Effect of pravastatin on microalbuminuria in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - a randomized control study. Jikeikai Medical Journal 1992;39(4):341-8. [EMBASE: 23068032]
Nakamura 2002 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Hirokawa K, Osada S, Inoue T, Shimada N, et al. Effect of cerivastatin on proteinuria and urinary podocytes in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(5):798-802. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nakamura 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Kawagoe Y, Ueda Y, Osada S, Koide H. Effect of pitavastatin on urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein levels in patients with early diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2005;28(11):2728-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nakamura 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Kawagoe Y, Suzuki T, Inoue T, Node K. Effect of pitavastatin on urinary liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein in patients with nondiabetic mild chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Nephrology 2006;26(1):82-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nielsen 1993 {published data only}
    1. Nellemann B, Gormsen LC, Dollerup J, Schmitz O, Mogensen CE, Rasmussen LM, et al. Simvastatin reduces plasma osteoprotegerin in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 2007;30(12):3122-4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nielsen S, Schmitz O, Moller N, Porksen N, Klausen IC, Alberti KG, et al. Renal function and insulin sensitivity during simvastatin treatment in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologia 1993;36(10):1079-86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ohsawa 2015 {unpublished data only}
    1. Ohsawa M, Tamura K, Wakui H, Kanaoka T, Azushima K, Uneda K, et al. Effects of pitavastatin add-on therapy on chronic kidney disease with albuminuria and dyslipidemia. Lipids in Health & Disease 2015;14:161. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
PANDA 2011 {published data only}ISRCTN58196433
    1. Narayanan RP, Gittins M, Siddals KW, Oliver RL, Hudson JE, White A, et al. Atorvastatin administration is associated with dose-related changes in IGF bioavailability. European Journal of Endocrinology 2013;168(4):543-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Rutter MK, Davies RR, Cruickshank JK, Prais HR, Gittins M, Roberts C, et al. Protection Against Nephropathy in Diabetes with Atorvastatin (PANDA): trial results [abstract no: 1207]. Diabetologia 2009;52(Suppl 1):S466. [EMBASE: 70068693]
    1. Rutter MK, Prais HR, Charlton-Menys V, Gittins M, Roberts C, Davies RR, et al. Protection Against Nephropathy in Diabetes with Atorvastatin (PANDA): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of high- vs. low-dose atorvastatin. Diabetic Medicine 2011;28(1):100-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Soran H, Liu Y, Adam S, Siahmansur T, Ho JH, Schofield JD, et al. A comparison of the effects of low- and high-dose atorvastatin on lipoprotein metabolism and inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetes: results from the Protection Against Nephropathy in Diabetes with Atorvastatin (PANDA) randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2018;12(1):44-55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Panichi 2006a {published data only}
    1. Panichi V, Mantuano E, Paoletti S, Santi S, Manca Rizza G, Cutrupi S, et al. Effect of simvastatin on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Nephrology 2008;21(1):38-44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Panichi V, Paoletti S, Manca-Rizza G, Taccola D, Innocenti M, Casto G, et al. Effect of simvastatin therapy on inflammatory markers and lipids in pre-dialysis patients [abstract no: SP167]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v75. [CENTRAL: CN-00678037]
    1. Panichi V, Paoletti S, Mantuano E, Manca-Rizza G, Filippi C, Santi S, et al. In vivo and in vitro effects of simvastatin on inflammatory markers in pre-dialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(2):337-44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PLANET I 2006 {published data only}
    1. Idzerda NM, Pena MJ, Parving HH, Zeeuw D, Heerspink HJ. Proteinuria and cholesterol reduction are independently associated with less renal function decline in statin-treated patients; a post hoc analysis of the PLANET trials. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2019;34(10):1699-706. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kroonen M, Stevens J, De Zeeuw D, Heerspink HJ. Association between individual cholesterol and albuminuria response and exposure to atorvastatin or rosuvastatin [abstract no: FR-PO253]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):500. [EMBASE: 633769807]
    1. Zeeuw D, Anzalone DA, Cain VA, Cressman MD, Heerspink HJ, Molitoris BA, et al. Renal effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in patients with diabetes who have progressive renal disease (PLANET I): a randomised clinical trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2015;3(3):181-90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PLANET II 2006 {unpublished data only}
    1. Idzerda NM, Pena MJ, Parving HH, Zeeuw D, Heerspink HJ. Proteinuria and cholesterol reduction are independently associated with less renal function decline in statin-treated patients; a post hoc analysis of the PLANET trials. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2019;34(10):1699-706. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kroonen M, Stevens J, De Zeeuw D, Heerspink HJL. Association between individual cholesterol and albuminuria response and exposure to atorvastatin or rosuvastatin [abstract no: FR-PO253]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):500. [EMBASE: 633769807]
    1. Zeeuw D, Anzalone DA, Cain VA, Cressman MD, Heerspink HJ, Molitoris BA, et al. Renal effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in patients with diabetes who have progressive renal disease (PLANET I): a randomised clinical trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2015;3(3):181-90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PPP 1992 {published data only}
    1. A coronary primary prevention study of Scottish men aged 45-64 years: trial design. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992;45(8):849-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Brouilette SW, Moore JS, McMahon AD, Thompson JR, Ford I, Shepherd J, et al. Telomere length, risk of coronary heart disease, and statin treatment in the West of Scotland Primary Prevention Study: a nested case-control study. Lancet 2007;369(9556):107-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Byington RP, Davis BR, Plehn JF, White HD, Baker J, Cobbe SM, et al. Reduction of stroke events with pravastatin: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project. Circulation 2001;103(3):387-92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PREVEND IT 2000 {published data only}
    1. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, Boven AJ, Janssen WM, Voors AA, et al. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 2004;110(18):2809-16. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Atthobari J, Asselbergs FW, Boersma C, Vries R, Hillege HL, Gilst WH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for albuminuria and subsequent treatment with an ACE-inhibitor; a pharmaco-economic analysis [abstract no: TH-FC169]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:36A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583782]
    1. Atthobari J, Asselbergs FW, Boersma C, Vries R, Hillege HL, Gilst WH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for albuminuria with subsequent fosinopril treatment to prevent cardiovascular events: A pharmacoeconomic analysis linked to the prevention of renal and vascular endstage disease (PREVEND) study and the prevention of renal and vascular endstage disease intervention trial (PREVEND IT). Clinical Therapeutics 2006;28(3):432-44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rayner 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rayner B, Byrne M, Zyl-Smit R. A clinical trial comparing the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with simvastatin and diet versus diet alone in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a preliminary report [abstract]. Kidney International 1993;43:1183.
    1. Rayner BL, Byrne M, Zyl-Smit R. A clinical trial comparing the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with simvastatin (sv) and diet versus diet alone in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) [abstract]. In: 12th International Congress of Nephrology; 1993 Jun 13-18; Jerusalem, Israel. 1993:76.
    1. Rayner BL, Byrne M, Zyl-Smit R. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with simvastatin (SV) and diet, vs diet alone in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1994;9(7):963. [CENTRAL: CN-00261011]
    1. Rayner BL, Byrne MJ, Zyl Smit R. A prospective clinical trial comparing the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome with simvastatin and diet, versus diet alone. Clinical Nephrology 1996;46(4):219-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Renke 2010a {published data only}
    1. Renke M, Tylicki L, Rutkowski P, Neuwelt A, Larczynski W, Zietkiewicz M, et al. Atorvastatin improves tubular status in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease - placebo controlled, randomized, cross-over study. Acta Biochimica Polonica 2010;57(4):547-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SAGE 2004 {published data only}
    1. Deedwania P, Stone PH, Bairey Merz CN, Cosin-Aguilar J, Koylan N, Luo D, et al. Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease: results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). Circulation 2007;115(6):700-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Deedwania PC, Stone P, Fayyad R, Laskey R, Wilson DJ. Improvement in renal function with intensive statin therapy in older patients without increased muscle symptoms: the SAGE trial [abstract no: SA-PO2762]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):743A.
    1. Deedwania PC, Stone PH, Fayyad RS, Laskey RE, Wilson DJ. Improvement in renal function and reduction in serum uric acid with intensive statin therapy in older patients: a post hoc analysis of the SAGE trial. Drugs & Aging 2015;32(12):1055-65. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Deedwania PC. Effect of aggressive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia: the rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). American Heart Journal 2004;148(6):1053-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Samuelsson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Alaupovic P, Attman PO, Knight-Gibson C, Mulec H, Weiss L, Samuelsson O. Effect of fluvastatin on apolipoprotein-defined lipoprotein subclasses in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney International 2006;69(10):1865-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sawara 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sawara Y, Takei T, Uchida K, Ogawa T, Yoshida T, Tsuchiya K, et al. Effects of lipid-lowering therapy with rosuvastatin on atherosclerotic burden in patients with chronic kidney disease. Internal Medicine 2008;47(17):1505-10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Scanferla 1991 {published data only}
    1. Scanferla F, Toffoletto PP, Roncali D, Bazzato G. Associated effect of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase + angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on the progression of renal failure in hypertensive subjects. American Journal of Hypertension 1991;4(10 Pt 1):868-74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SHARP 2010 {published data only}54137607
    1. Baigent C, Landray M. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): Does lowering cholesterol prevent major vascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease? Final Protocol (Version 5: 12th July 2005). https://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/files/download_protocol_en_v5.pdf (accessed 5 October 2023).
    1. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377(9784):2181-92. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Baigent C, Landry M. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). Kidney International - Supplement 2003;63(84):S207-10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Butler CR, O'Hare AM. Considerations in applying the results of randomized controlled clinical trials to the care of older adults with kidney disease in the clinical setting: the SHARP trial. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 2016;23(1):29-35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Haynes R, Lewis D, Emberson J, Reith C, Agodoa L, Cass A, et al. Effects of lowering LDL cholesterol on progression of kidney disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2014;25(8):1825-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Stegmayr 2005 {published data only}
    1. Holmberg B, Brannstrom M, Bucht B, Crougneau V, Dimeny E, Ekspong A, et al. Safety and efficacy of atorvastatin in patients with severe renal dysfunction. Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology 2005;39(6):503-10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Stegmayr BG, Brannstrom M, Bucht S, Crougneau V, Dimeny E, Ekspong A, et al. Low-dose atorvastatin in severe chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized, controlled endpoint study. Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology 2005;39(6):489-97. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Stegmayr BG, Brannstrom M, Bucht S, Dimeny E, Ekspong A, Granroth B, et al. Safety and efficacy of atorvastatin in patients with impaired renal function [abstract]. In: 38th Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2001 Jun 24-27; Vienna, Austria. 2001:134. [CENTRAL: CN-00447841]
    1. Stegmayr BG, Nasstrom BG, Brannstrom M, Bucht S, Dimeny E, Gosch J, et al. Safety and efficacy of atorvastatin in patients with severe renal dysfunction [abstract no: A0828]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9(Program & Abstracts):161A. [CENTRAL: CN-00447842]
    1. Stegmayr BG, Nasstrom BG, Brannstrom M, Bucht S, Dimeny E, Granroth B, et al. Safety and efficacy of atorvastatin in patients with severe renal dysfunction [abstract no: A1356]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):268A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583406]
Thomas 1993 {published data only}
    1. Thomas ME, Harris KP, Ramaswamy C, Hattersley JM, Wheeler DC, Varghese Z, et al. Simvastatin therapy for hypercholesterolemic patients with nephrotic syndrome or significant proteinuria. Kidney International 1993;44(5):1124-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
TNT 2004 {published data only}
    1. Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, Maroni J, Szarek M, Grundy SM, et al. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357(13):1301-10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Deedwania P, Barter P, Carmena R, Fruchart JC, Grundy SM, Haffner S, et al. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. Lancet 2006;368(9539):919-28. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Deedwania PC, Bittner V, Wenger NK, Shepherd J, Wun CC, Breazna A, et al. Improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate with atorvastatin in patients with metabolic syndrome: The treating to new targets (TNT) study [abstract no: TH-PO140]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):142A.
    1. Ho JE, Waters DD, Kean A, Wilson DJ, DeMicco DA, Breazna A, et al. Relation of improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate with atorvastatin to reductions in hospitalizations for heart failure (from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] study). American Journal of Cardiology 2012;109(12):1761-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johnson C, Waters DD, DeMicco DA, Breazna A, Bittner V, Greten H, et al. Comparison of effectiveness of atorvastatin 10 mg versus 80 mg in reducing major cardiovascular events and repeat revascularization in patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (post hoc analysis of the Treating to New Targets [TNT] Study). American Journal of Cardiology 2008;102(10):1312-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tokunaga 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tokunaga M, Tamura M, Kabashima N, Serino R, Shibata T, Matsumoto M, et al. Beneficial effects of pitavastatin on albuminuria and renal function in essential hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract no: TH-PO875]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):307A. [CENTRAL: CN-00773767]
Tonolo 1997 {published data only}
    1. Tonolo G, Ciccarese M, Brizzi P, Puddu L, Secchi G, Calvia P, et al. Reduction of albumin excretion rate in normotensive microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients during long-term simvastatin treatment. Diabetes Care 1997;20(12):1891-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
UK‐HARP‐I 2005 {published data only}
    1. Baigent C, Landray M, Leaper C, Altmann P, Armitage J, Baxter A, et al. First United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-I) study: biochemical efficacy and safety of simvastatin and safety of low-dose aspirin in chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2005;45(3):473-84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Baigent C, UK-HARP Steering Committee. Efficacy and safety of simvastatin and safety of low-dose aspirin among patients with chronic kidney disease: final results of the first UK-heart and renal protection (UK-HARP-I) study [abstract no: SA-P0841]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2002;13(Program & Abstracts):437A. [CENTRAL: CN-00444305]
Verma 2005 {published data only}
    1. Verma A, Gordon N, Ranganna KM, Reddy RS, Verma M. Rosuvastatin reduces high sensitivity-C reactive protein and the decline in renal function in hyperlipidemic patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract no: SA-PO134]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):329A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583418]
    1. Verma A, Ranganna KM, Reddy RS, Verma M, Gordon NF. Effect of rosuvastatin on C-reactive protein and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Cardiology 2005;96(9):1290-2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yasuda 2004 {published data only}
    1. Yasuda G, Kuji T, Hasegawa K, Ogawa N, Shimura G, Ando D, et al. Safety and efficacy of fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic patients with chronic renal disease. Renal Failure 2004;26(4):411-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yi YJ, Kim HJ, Jo SK, Kim SG, Song YR, Chung W, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety profile of morning administration of controlled-release simvastatin versus evening administration of immediate-release simvastatin in chronic kidney disease patients with dyslipidemia. Clinical Therapeutics 2014;36(8):1182-90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zhang 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zhang A, Vertommen J, Van Gaal L, De Leeuw I. Effects of pravastatin on lipid levels, in vitro oxidizability of non-HDL lipoproteins and microalbuminuria in IDDM patients. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice 1995;29(3):189-94. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Almquist 2012 {published data only}
    1. Almquist T, Jacobson SH, Lins PE, Farndale RW, Hjemdahl P. Effects of lipid-lowering treatment on platelet reactivity and platelet-leukocyte aggregation in diabetic patients without and with chronic kidney disease: a randomized trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(9):3540-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Almquist T, Jacobson SH, Lins RL, Hjemdahl P. Effects of lipid-lowering treatment on inflammatory markers in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract no: TH-PO506]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):213A.
    1. Almquist T, Jacobson SH, Mobarrez F, Nasman P, Hjemdahl P. Lipid-lowering treatment and inflammatory mediators in diabetes and chronic kidney disease. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2014;44(3):276-84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Almquist T, Mobarrez F, Jacobson SH, Wallen H, Hjemdahl P. Effects of lipid-lowering treatment on circulating microparticles in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2016;31(6):944-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Almquist TC, Jacobson SH, Lins PE, Farndale RW, Hjemdahl P. Effects of lipid-lowering treatment on platelet reactivity and platelet-leukocyte aggregation in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease- a randomized trial [abstract no: TH-PO516]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):231A. - PubMed
Almukhtar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Almukhtar HM, Faisal IM, Merkhan MM. Acute effect of atorvastatin in comparison with rosuvastatin on glucose homeostasis in hypercholesteremic patients. Current Topics in Pharmacology 2021;25:25‐34. [EMBASE: 2013766821]
Dogra 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dogra GK, Watts GF, Chan DC, Stanton K. Statin therapy improves brachial artery vasodilator function in patients with Type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Diabetic Medicine 2005;22(3):239-42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dogra 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dogra G, Irish A, Chan D, Watts G. A randomized trial of the effect of statin and fibrate therapy on arterial function in CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2007;49(6):776-85. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Dogra S, Kanganas C, Chan D, Irish A, Watts G. Effect of statin and fibrate therapy on vascular function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) [abstract no: 160]. Nephrology 2005;10(Suppl 3):A422. [CENTRAL: CN-00774612]
ESTABLISH 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Tamura H, Kojima T, et al. Long-term impact of mild chronic kidney disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2011;26(9):2906-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Yanagisawa N, Tamura H, et al. Early intensive statin treatment for six months improves long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (Extended-ESTABLISH trial): a follow-up study. Atherosclerosis 2010;210(2):497-502. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Yanagisawa N, Tamura H, et al. Higher baseline LDL-C levels amplify the short-term benefit of early intensive statin treatment in acute coronary syndrome. Journal of Atherosclerosis & Thrombosis 2011;18(1):42-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Miyauchi K, Shimada K, Kurata T, Sato H, et al. Early statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: demonstration of the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic lesions by serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis during half a year after coronary event: the ESTABLISH Study. Circulation 2004;110(9):1061-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fotso 2021 {published data only}
    1. Fotso Soh J, Beaulieu S, Trepiccione F, Linnaranta O, Torres-Platas G, Platt RW, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial of atorvastatin for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in lithium users. Bipolar Disorders 2021;23(1):66‐75. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Golper 1987 {published data only}
    1. Golper TA, Illingworth DR, Bennett WM. Correction of nephrotic hypercholesterolemia with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin [abstract]. In: 10th International Congress of Nephrology; 1987 Jul 26-31; London, UK. 1987:64. [CENTRAL: CN-00583909]
    1. Golper TA, Illingworth DR, Bennett WM. Effective and safe short term improvement in nephrotic hypercholesterolemia with the HMG CO-A reductase inhibitor mevinolin [abstract]. Kidney International 1987;31(1):200. [CENTRAL: CN-00774455]
Golper 1989 {published data only}
    1. Golper TA, Illingworth DR, Morris CD, Bennett WM. Lovastatin in the treatment of multifactorial hyperlipidemia associated with proteinuria. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1989;13(4):312-20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
IMPROVE‐IT 2008 {published data only}
    1. Azar RR, Badaoui G, Sarkis A, Azar M, Aydanian H, Harb S, et al. Effect of ezetimibe/atorvastatin combination on oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary artery disease or coronary artery disease equivalent. American Journal of Cardiology 2010;106(2):193-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Musliner TA, Tershakovec AM, White JA, et al. Evaluating cardiovascular event reduction with ezetimibe as an adjunct to simvastatin in 18,144 patients after acute coronary syndromes: final baseline characteristics of the IMPROVE-IT study population. American Heart Journal 2014;168(2):205-12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bohula EA, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Zhou J, Murphy SA, White JA, et al. Achievement of dual low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein targets more frequent with the addition of ezetimibe to simvastatin and associated with better outcomes in IMPROVE-IT. Circulation 2015;132(13):1224-33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bohula EA, Morrow DA, Giugliano RP, Blazing MA, He P, Park JG, et al. Atherothrombotic risk stratification and ezetimibe for secondary prevention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2017;69(8):911-21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bohula EA, Wiviott SD, Giugliano RP, Blazing MA, Park JG, Murphy SA, et al. Prevention of stroke with the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome in IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Circulation 2017;136(25):2440-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ishimitsu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ishimitsu T, Ohno E, Ueno Y, Onoda S, Nagase A, Ohira T, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and ezetimibe on endothelial function in dyslipidemic patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2014;18(5):704-10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kouvelos 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kouvelos GN, Arnaoutoglou EM, Matsagkas MI, Kostara C, Gartzonika C, Bairaktari ET, et al. Effects of rosuvastatin with or without ezetimibe on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery: results of a pilot study. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2013;18(1):5-12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Kouvelos GN, Arnaoutoglou EM, Milionis HJ, Raikou VD, Papa N, Matsagkas MI. The effect of adding ezetimibe to rosuvastatin on renal function in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery. Angiology 2015;66(2):128-35. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mackie 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mackie F, Rosenberg A, Harmer J, Kainer G, Celermajer D. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors - effects on endothelial function and lipoprotein levels in children with chronic kidney disease [abstract no: P053]. Pediatric Nephrology 2008;23:1610.
Mohammadi 2023 {published data only}
    1. Mohammadi Kebar S, Atighi E, Hosseninia S, Babapour B. Preventive effects of nicorandil and atorvastatin in contrastinduced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary artery angiography: a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2023;17(4):205‐14. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mose 2014a {published data only}
    1. Mose FH, Larsen T, Jensen JM, Bech JN, Pedersen E. Effect of atorvastatin on renal NO availability and tubular function in patients with stage II-III chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes [abstract no: TH-PO447]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2013;24(Abstract Suppl):204A. - PubMed
    1. Mose FH, Larsen T, Jensen JM, Hansen AB, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Effect of atorvastatin on renal NO availability and tubular function in patients with stage II-III chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation 2014;74(1):8-19. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mose 2014b {published data only}
    1. Larsen T, Jensen J, Bech J, Pedersen E, Mose F. Effect of atorvastatin on renal NO availability and tubular function in patients with non-diabetic, stage II-III chronic kidney disease [abstract no: MP219]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i367. [EMBASE: 71076128]
    1. Mose FH, Larsen T, Jensen JM, Bech JN, Pedersen E. Increased NO activity during statin treatment in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy [abstract no: SA-PO169]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):673A.
    1. Mose FH, Larsen T, Jensen JM, Hansen AB, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Effects of atorvastatin on systemic and renal NO dependency in patients with non-diabetic stage II-III chronic kidney disease. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2014;78(4):789-99. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT03543774 {published data only}
    1. Lan DT. Lipid-lowering therapies in Vietnamese chronic kidney disease population (VietCKD) [Lipid-lowering regimes improve oxidative stress, tryptophan degradation in hypercholesterolemia chronic kidney disease patients]. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03543774 (first received 1 June 2018).
Ott 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ott C, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BM, Titze SI, Schaufele T, Schmieder RE. Rosuvastatin improves basal nitric oxide activity of the renal vasculature in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2008;196(2):704-11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PACTR202110707328144 {published data only}
    1. Impact of ATOrvastatin REload on the Prevention of Contrast-INduced Nephropathy in patients on Chronic Statin Therapy: a prospective randomized trial (ATORE-CIN) [Impact of atorvastatin reload on the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy]. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PACTR202110707328144 (first posted 16 September 2021).
Paulsen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Paulsen L, Matthesen SK, Bech JN, Starklint J, Pedersen EB. Acute effects of atorvastatin on glomerular filtration rate, tubular function, blood pressure, and vasoactive hormones in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2010;50(7):816-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schmieder 2003 {published data only}
    1. Schmieder RE, Schneider MP, Delles C, Oehmer S, John S. Evidence for the lipid independent effects of statins on endothelial function [abstract no: T245]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):359. [CENTRAL: CN-00447626]
Siddiqi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Siddiqi L, Joles JA, Oey PL, Blankestijn PJ. Atorvastatin reduces sympathetic activity in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Hypertension 2011;29(11):2176-80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Suzuki 2013a {published data only}
    1. Suzuki H, Takenaka T, Okada H, Inoue T. Comparative efficacy and adverse effects of the addition of ezetimibe to statin versus statin titration in chronic disease (CKD) patients [abstract no: SA-PO161]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):672A.
    1. Suzuki H, Watanabe Y, Kumagai H, Shuto H. Comparative efficacy and adverse effects of the addition of ezetimibe to statin versus statin titration in chronic kidney disease patients. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 2013;7(6):306-15. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Torraca 2006 {published data only}
    1. Torraca S, Nazzaro P, Visciano B, Pisani A, Di Micco L, Caputo DL, et al. Effects of high doses of atorvastatin (ATO) on renal dynamics and vascular reactivity in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) [abstract no: MP272]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv390. [CENTRAL: CN-00774679]
UK‐HARP‐II 2006 {published data only}
    1. Landray M, Baigent C, Leaper C, Adu D, Altmann P, Armitage J, et al. The second United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-II) Study: a randomized controlled study of the biochemical safety and efficacy of adding ezetimibe to simvastatin as initial therapy among patients with CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(3):385-95. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Landray M, Baigent C, Leaper C, UK-HARP Steering Committee. Biochemical safety and efficacy of co-administration of ezetimibe and simvastatin among patients with chronic kidney disease: the second UK-heart and renal protection (UK-HARP-II) study [abstract no: M383]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):119-20. [CENTRAL: CN-00446268]
Van Dijk 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dijk MA, Kamper AM, Veen S, Souverijn JH, Blauw GJ. Effect of simvastatin on renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(11):2152-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vasin 2021 {published data only}
    1. Vasin A, Mironova O, Fomin V. The role of short-term, high-dose atorvastatin for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients with cardiovascular diseases undergoing computed tomography with intravenous contrast administration. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2021;36(Suppl 1):i274. [EMBASE: 635918386]
Watanabe 2022 {published data only}
    1. Watanabe M, Aonuma K, Murohara T, Okumura Y, Morimoto T, Okada S, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiovascular catheterization and intervention with high-dose strong statin therapy in Japan - The PREVENT CINC-J Study. Circulation Journal 2022;86(9):1455‐63. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Weinstein 2013 {published data only}
    1. Weinstein DL, Williams LA, Carlson DM, Kelly MT, Burns KM, Setze CM, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of fenofibric acid plus rosuvastatin compared with rosuvastatin alone in stage 3 chronic kidney disease [Erratum appears in Clin Ther. 2013 Nov;35(11):1862]. Clinical Therapeutics 2013;35(8):1186-98. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yasmeen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yasmeen G, Dawani ML, Mahboob T. Association of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with improvement of endothelial dysfunction recovery in renovascular disease. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2015;9(1):39-45. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yasuda 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yasuda G, Ando D, Hirawa N, Umemura S. Effects of atorvastatin versus probucol on low-density lipoprotein subtype distribution and renal function in hyperlipidemic patients with nondiabetic nephropathy. Renal Failure 2010;32(6):680-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yen 2022 {published data only}
    1. Yen CL, Fan PC, Lee CC, Chen JJ, Kuo G, Tu YR, et al. Association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels during statin treatment with cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American Heart Association 2022;11(19):e027516. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zinellu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Loriga G, Deiana L, Satta AE, Carru C. Oxidative stress improvement is associated with increased levels of taurine in CKD patients undergoing lipid-lowering therapy. Amino Acids 2012;43(4):1499-507. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Mangoni AA, Sanna M, Satta AE, Carru C. Impact of cholesterol lowering treatment on plasma kynurenine and tryptophan concentrations in chronic kidney disease: relationship with oxidative stress improvement. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2015;25(2):153-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Mangoni AA, Sotgiu E, Ena S, Satta AE, et al. Effect of cholesterol lowering treatment on plasma markers of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis 2016;129:383-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Pisanu E, Loriga G, Deiana L, Satta AE, et al. LDL S-homocysteinylation decrease in chronic kidney disease patients undergone lipid lowering therapy. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2012;47(1):117-23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Sotgiu E, Assaretti S, Baralla A, Mangoni AA, et al. Cholesterol lowering treatment restores blood global DNA methylation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2017;27(9):822-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT00768638 {published data only}
    1. Agharazii M. The renal protective effects of low-dose and high-dose atorvastatin in patients with glomerular disease and proteinuria: a randomized controlled double blinded study. clinicaltrials gov/ct2/show/NCT00768638 (first received 8 October 2008).
NCT02863185 {published data only}
    1. An WS. Effect of pitavastatin on erythrocyte membrane fatty acid contents in patients with chronic kidney disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02863185 (first received 11 August 2016).

References to ongoing studies

NCT05870007 {published data only}
    1. Atorvastatin and alkali therapy in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [Atorvastatin and alkali therapy in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a pilot trial for safety and feasibility]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05870007 (first posted 23 May 2023).

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